ΠΡΠ° ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡ, Π²Π½Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΠΈΠ»ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π»Π΅Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΡΠ½ΡΠΈ, ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»Π° Π²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ, ΡΡΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π₯Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΡΠΎΠ½Π°, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π±Π°Π·Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ±ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π³, ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΡ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³Π΅Π½Π° (ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΡΠ½ΡΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ»Π΅Ρ ΠΈ ΠΠΆΠΈΠΌ ΠΡΠ·Π΅Π»Π»Π°) Π΄ΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈ, Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°.
ΠΠ±ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ Π² ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π΅: A. Wexler, Mapping Fate: A Memoir of Family, Risk, and Genetic Research (New York: Times Books/Random house, 1995).
Π£ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ Π€ΠΎΠ½Π΄Π° Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ±Ρ Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·Π½ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ΄ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π² ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΡΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ (National Association for Research in Schizophrenia and Depression, NARSAD), ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π² 1986 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ Π‘ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΈΠ±Π΅Ρ ΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ±Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ°ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ, Π±ΡΠ²ΡΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ. ΠΡΠ° Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ³ΡΠ°Π»Π° Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π² ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½Π΅ΠΉ. Π ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ½Π΄Π°ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠ· ΠΏΠΎ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ±Π΅ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ (National Alliance for Mental Illness), Π€ΠΎΠ½Π΄ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ±Ρ Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π»ΠΎΠΌΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π₯-Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ (Fragile-X Foundation) ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ βΠΡΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΠΌ Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρβ (Cure Autism Now).
Π Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΌ.: Π‘. Darwin, The Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals (New York: Appleton, 1873); W. B. Cannon, The James β Lange theory of emotions: A critical examination and an alternative theory, Am. Psychol. 39 (1927): 106β124; W. B. Cannon, The Wisdom of the Body (New York: W. W. Norton, 1932); A. R. Damasio, The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making ofConsciousness (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1999); M. Davis, The role of the amygdala in fear and anxiety, Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 15 (1992): 353β375; J. E. LeDoux, The Emotional Brain (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996); J. Panskseep, Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998); W. James, What is an emotion? Mind 9, no. 34 (1884): 188β205; C. G. Lange, ΠΡ Sindsbe Vaegelser et Psycho (Copenhagen: Kromar, 1885). ΠΠΆΠ΅ΠΉΠΌΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π» ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΠ°Π½Π³Π΅, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΡ, Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅ βΠΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈβ (Principles of Psychology), ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅Π΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΠΆΠ΅ΠΉΠΌΡΠ°: The Works of William James, ed. F. Burkhardt and F. Bowers (1890; reprint, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981).
ΠΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π΅, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²:
Cowan, W. Π. & E. R. Kandel. Prospects for neurology and psychiatry, JAMA 285 (2001): 594β600.
Huang, Y. Y., Π. C. Martin & E. R. Kandel. Both protein kinase A and mitogen-activated protein kinase are required in the amygdala for the macromolecular synthesis-dependent late phase of long-term potentiation. J. Neurosci. 20 (2000): 6317β6325.
Kandel, E. R. Disorders of mood: Depression, mania and anxiety disorders, in: Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed., E. R. Kandel, J. H. Schwartz & Π’. M. Jessell, eds. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000, ΡΡΡ. 1209β1226.
Rogan, Π. T, M. G. Weisskopf, Y. Y. Huang, E. R. Kandel & J. E. LeDoux. Long-term potentiation in the amygdala: Implications for memory. Chapter 2 in: Neuronal Mechanisms of Memory Formation: Concepts of Long-term Potentiation and Beyond, ed. C. Holscher, 58β76. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Rogan, Π. Π’., K. S. Leon, D. L. Perez & E. R. Kandel. Distinctneu-ral signatures for safety and danger in the amygdala and striatum of the mouse. Neuron 46 (2005): 309β320.
Shumyatsky, G. P., E. Tsvetkov, G. Malleret, S. Vronskaya, M. Hatton, L. Hampton, J. F. Battey, C. Dulac, E. R. Kandel & V. Y. Bolshakov. Identification of a signaling network in lateral nucleus of amygdala important for inhibiting memory specifically related to learned fear. Cell 111 (2002): 905β918.
Snyder, S. H. Drugs and the Brain. New York: Scientific American Books, 1986.
Tsvetkov, E., W. A. Carlezon Jr., F. M. Benes, E. R. Kandel & V. Y. Bolshakov. Fear conditioning occludes LTP-induced presynap-tic enhancement of synaptic transmission in the cortical pathway to the lateral amygdala. Neuron 34 (2002): 289β300.
26. ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ
Π‘Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π΅, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²:
Abi-Dargham, A., D. R. Hwang, Π£. Huang, Y. Zea-Ponce, D. Martinez, I. Lombardo, A. Broft, T. Hashimoto, M. Slifstein, O. Mawlawi, R. VanHeertum & M. Laruelle. Quantitative analysis of striatal and extrastriatal D2 receptors in humans with [18F] fallypride: Validation and reproducibility. In preparation.
Ansorge, M. S., M. Zhou, A. Lira, R. Hen & J. A. Gingrich. Early-life blockade of the 5 β HT transporter alters emotional behavior in adult mice. Science 306 (2004): 879β881.
Baddeley, A. D. Working Memory. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.
Carlsson, M. L., A. Carlsson 81 M. Nilsson. Schizophrenia: From dopamine to glutamate and back. Curr. Med. Chem. 11, no. 3 (2004): 267β277.
Fuster, J. M. The prefrontal cortex β an update: Time is of the essence. Neuron 30, no. 2 (2001): 319β333.
Goldman-Rakic, P. The βpsychicβ neuron of the cerebral cortex. An n. N. Π£. Acad. Sci. 868 (1999): 13β26.
Huang, Y. Y., E. Simpson, C. Kellendonk 81 E. R. Kandel. Genetic evidence for the bi-directional modulation of synaptic plasticity in the prefrontal cortex by Di receptors. Proc. Nad. Acad. Sci. USA 101 (2004): 3236β3241.
Jacobsen, C. F. Studies of Cerebral Function in Primates. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1936.
Kandel, E. R. Disorders of thought: Schizophrenia. In: Principles of Neural Science. 3rd ed. Ed. E. R. Kandel, J. H. Schwartz & Π’. M. jessell, 853β868. New York: Elsevier, 1991.
Lawford, B. R., R. M. Young, E. P. Noble, B. Kann, L. Arnold, J. Rowell 81 T. L. Ritchie. D2 dopamine receptor gene polymorphism: Paroxetine and social functioning in posttraumatic stress disorder. Euro. Neuropsychopharm. 13, no. 5 (2003): 313β320.
Santarelli, L., M. Saxe, C. Gross, A. Surget, F. Battaglia, S. Dulawa, N. Weisstaub, J. Lee, R. Duman, 0. Arancio, C. Belzung 81 R. Hen. Requirement of hippocampal neurogenesis for the behavioral effects of antidepressants. Science 301 (2003): 805β809.
Seeman, P., T. Lee, M. Chau-Wong & K. Wong. Antipsychotic drug doses and neuroleptic/dopamine receptors. Nature 261 (1976): 717β719.
Snyder, S. H. Drugs and the Brain. New York: Scientific American Books, 1986.
Schwartz, J. Π., P. W. Stoessel, L. R. Baxter, Π. M. Martin & Π. E. Phelps. Systematic changes in cerebral glucose metabolic rate after successful behavior modification treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorders. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 53 (1996): 109β113.
27. ΠΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°
ΠΠ± ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΠΌ.: Π‘. Brenner, An Elementary Textbook of Psychoanalysis, rev. ed. (New York: International University Press, 1973). Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠ° ΡΠΌ.: J. S. Beck, Cognitive Therapy: Basics and Beyond (New York: Guilford, 1995).
ΠΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ: D. Westen, Π‘. Π. Novotny & Π. Thompson Brenner, The empirical status of empirically supported psychotherapies: Assumptions, findings, and reporting in controlled clinical trials, Psychol. Bull. 130 (2004): 631β663.
ΠΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π΅, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²:
Etkin, Π., Π. Π‘. Klemenhagen, J. T. Dudman, Π. Π’. Rogan, R. Hen, E. R. Kandel & J. Hirsch. Individual differences in trait anxiety predict the response of the basolateral amygdala to unconsciously processed fearful faces. Neuron 44 (2004): 1043β1055.
Etkin, A., C. Pittenger, H. J. Polan &. E. R. Kandel. Towards a neurobiology of psychotherapy: Basic science and clinical applications. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 17 (2005): 145β158.