Π§ΠΈΡ‚Π°ΠΉΡ‚Π΅ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½ Π½Π° Bookidrom.ru! БСсплатныС ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅

Π§ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΠ½Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½ «О ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°Β». Π‘Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ†Π° 56

Автор Π­Π΄Π²Π°Ρ€Π΄ Уилсон

19

О наслСдовании Ρ†Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π° Π³Π»Π°Π· см. Curt Stein, Principles of Human Genetics, 3d ed. (W. H. Freeman, San Francisco, 1973).

20

R. D. Alexander, J. L. Hoogland, R. D. Howard, К. M. Noonan, and P.W. Sherman, Sexual Dimorphisms and Breeding Systems in Pinnipeds, Ungulates, Primates, and Humans, in N. A. Chagnon and W. G. Irons, eds., Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior (Duxbury Press, Scituate, Mass., 1979), pp. 402-435.

21

Π”ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²Π° дСструктивного воздСйствия Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… условий Π² ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Ρ€Π°Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ развития β€” см. Ronald Π . Rohner, They Love Me, They Love Me Not (HRAF Press, New Haven, Conn., 1975) ; T. G. R. Bower, A Primer of Infant Development (W. H. Freeman, San Francisco, 1977).

22

Theodosius Dobzhansky, Anthropology and the Natural Sciences β€” The Problem of Human Evolution, Current Anthropology 4: 138, 146-148 (1963).

23

George P. Murdock, The Common Denominator of Culture, in Ralph Linton, ed., The Science of Man in the World Crisis (Columbia University Press, New York, 1945), pp. 124β€”142.

24

Robin Fox, The Cultural Animal, in J. F. Eisenberg and W. S. Dillon, eds., Man and Beast: Comparative Social Behavior (Smithsonian Institution Press,Washington, D. C., 1971), pp. 273-296.

25

Mary-Claire King and Allan C. Wilson, Evolution at two levels in humans and chimpanzees, Science 188: 107β€”116 (1975).

26

О способности шимпанзС ΠΎΠ²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ языком см. David Premack, Language and Intelligence in Ape and Man, American Scientist 64(6): 674β€”683 (1976); Carl Sagan, The Dragons of Eden (Random House, New York, 1977).

27

О Ρ€Π°Π½Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΠΈ чСловСчСской Π³ΠΎΡ€Ρ‚Π°Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΈ языка см. Jan Wind, Phylogeny of the Human Vocal Tract, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 280: 612β€”630 (1976); Philip Lieberman, The Phylogeny of Language, in T. A. Sebeok, ed., How Animals Communicate (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1977), pp. 3β€”25.

28

Leslie A. White, The Science of Culture: A Study of Man and Civilization (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 1949).

29

Gordon G. Gallup, Self-Recognition in Primates: A Comparative Approach to the Bidirectional Properties of Consciousness, American Psychologist 32(5): 329-338 (1977).

30

David Premack, Language and Intelligence.

31

Π Π°Π½Π½ΠΈΠ΅ этапы Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ агрСссии Ρƒ популяции шимпанзС Π² Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π“ΠΎΠΌΠ±Π΅ описаны Π² ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ Glenn Π•. King, Socioterritorial Units among Carnivores and Early Hominids, Journal of Anthropological Research 31(1): 69β€”87 (1975). Π”Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΉΡ‚ΠΈ Π² ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ Jane Lancaster, Carrying and Sharing in Human Evolution, Human Nature 1(2): 82β€”89 (1978); Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ тСорСтичСскоС обсуТдСниС ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ этого явлСния даСтся Π² ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ Richard W. Wrangham, On the Evolution of Ape Social Systems, Social Sciences Information 18(3): 335β€”368 (1979).

32

Richard B. Lee, What Hunters Do for a Living, or, How to Make Out on Scarce Resources, in R. B. Lee and Irven DeVore, eds., Man the Hunter (Aldine, Chicago, 1968), pp. 30-48.

33

ΠžΡ…ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΡŒΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ шимпанзС описано Π² ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π΅ Geza Teleki, The Predatory Behavior of Wild Chimpanzees (Bucknell University Press, Lewisburg, Pa., 1973).

34

Jane van Lawick-Goodall (Jane Goodall), The Behaviour of Free-Living Chimpanzees in the Gombe Stream Reserve, Animal Behaviour Monographs 1(3): 161β€”311 (1968); Mother-Offspring Relationships in Free-Ranging Chimpanzees, in Desmond Morris, ed., Primate Ethology (Aldine, Chicago, 1969), pp. 364β€”436; Toolusing in Primates and Other Vertebrates, Advances in the Study of Behavior 3: 195-249 (1970).

35

Jorge Sabater-Pi, An Elementary Industry of the Chimpanzees in the Okorobiky Mountains, Rio Muni (Republic of Equatorial Africa), West Africa, Primates 15 (4): 351β€”364 (1974).

36

ΠšΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒ соврСмСнной вСрсии Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ СстСствСнного ΠΎΡ‚Π±ΠΎΡ€Π° Π²Ρ‹ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ Π² ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ… Anthony Ferguson, Can Evolutionary Theory Predict?, American Naturalist 110: 1101 β€” 1104 (1976); G. Ledyard Stebbins, In Defense of Evolution: Tautology or Theory?, American Naturalist 111: 386β€”390 (1977); Theodosius Dobzhansky, Francisco J. Ayala, G. Ledyard Stebbins, and James W. Valentine, Evolution (W. H. Freeman, San Francisco, 1977); George F. Oster and Edward O. Wilson, A Critique of Optimization Theory in Evolutionary Biology, in Caste and Ecology in the Social Insects (Princeton University Press, Princeton, N. J., 1978).

37

Joseph Shepher, Mate Selection among Second-Generation Kibbutz Adolescents and Adults: Incest Avoidance and Negative Imprinting, Archives of Sexual Behavior 1 (4): 293-307 (1971). Π’ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ автоматичСской нСприязни, основанной Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π½Π½Π΅ΠΉ домашнСй близости, Π²ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹Π΅ Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° описана Π­Π΄Π²Π°Ρ€Π΄ΠΎΠΌ ВСстСрмарком Π² 1891 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ.

38

ВсС Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈ Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… объяснСния Ρ‚Π°Π±Ρƒ Π½Π° инцСст Π²ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹Π΅ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Ρ‹ Π΅Ρ‰Π΅ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ XIX Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π² Π°Π½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ господствовал ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ: Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π·Ρƒ сСмСйной Ρ†Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ Π²Ρ‹Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ½ΡƒΠ» ΠšΠ°Ρ€Π» Н. Π‘Ρ‚Π°Ρ€ΠΊΠ΅ (1889), Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π·Ρƒ союза β€” Π­Π΄Π²Π°Ρ€Π΄ Π’Π°ΠΉΠ»ΠΎΡ€ (1889), Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π·Ρƒ подавлСния ΠΈΠ½Π±Ρ€ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π³Π° β€” Π›ΡŒΡŽΠΈΡ Π“Π΅Π½Ρ€ΠΈ ΠœΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ (1877). Об истории этого ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΠΈΡˆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠœΠ°Ρ€Π²ΠΈΠ½ Π₯аррис (Marvin Harris, The Rise of Anthropological Theory, Thomas Y. Crowell, New York, 1968). Π’Ρ‰Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ кросс-ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ€ с ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ всСх Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π· ΠΈ биологичСского объяснСния ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΉΡ‚ΠΈ Π² ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ Melvin Ember, On the Origin and Extension of the Incest Taboo, Behavior Science Research (Human Relations Area Files, New Haven, Connecticut) 10: 249-281 (1975).

39

О рСцСссивных Π³Π΅Π½Π°Ρ… ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Π³ΡƒΠ±Π½ΠΎΠΌ влиянии ΠΈΠ½Π±Ρ€ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π³Π° Π½Π° Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° см. Curt Stern, Principles of Human Genetics, 3d ed. (W. H. Freeman, San Francisco, 1973); L. L. Cavalli-Sforza and W. F. Bodmer, The Genetics of Human Populations (W. H. Freeman, San Francisco, 1971). ΠžΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π»Π΅Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² Π² чСловСчСской популяции даСтся Π² ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ N. Π•. Morton, J. F. Crow, and Н. J. Muller, An Estimate of the Mutational Damage in Man from Data on Consanguineous Marriages, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 42: 855β€”863 (1956). ИсслСдованиС Ρ‡Π΅ΡˆΡΠΊΠΈΡ… Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ΠΉ, Ρ€ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΡ‚ инцСста, Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π•Π²ΠΎΠΉ Π—Π΅Π΅ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ. Об этом писал ΠΆΡƒΡ€Π½Π°Π» Time 9 октября 1972 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°.

40

R. L. Trivers and D. Π•. Willard, Natural Selection of Parental Ability to Vary the Sex Ratio of Offspring, Science 179: 90-92 (1973).

41

Mildred Dickeman, Female Infanticide and the Reproductive Strategies of Stratified Human Societies: A Preliminary Model, in Napoleon A. Chagnon and William G. Irons, eds., Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Organization (Duxbury Press, Scituate, Mass., 1978).

42

Richard H. Wills, The Institutionalized Severely Retarded (Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, 111., 1973).

43

ΠžΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ€ повСдСнчСской Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° см. G. Π•. McClearn and J. Π‘. DeFries, Introduction to Behavioral Genetics (W. H. Freeman, San Francisco, 1973); Lee Ehrman and P. A. Parsons, The Genetics of Behavior (Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass., 1976).

44

H. A. Witkin et al., Criminality in XYY and XXY Men, Science 193: 547-555 (1976).

45

Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΡ‹ Π›Π΅Ρˆ-НайхСна ΠΈ Π’Π΅Ρ€Π½Π΅Ρ€Π° описаны Π² ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ… J. Π‘. DeFries, S. G. Vandenberg, and G. E. McClearn, Genetics of Specific Cognitive Abilities, Annual Review of Genetics 10: 179β€” 207 (1976); C. R. Lake and M. G. Ziegler, Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome: Low Dopamine-p-Hydroxylase Activity and Diminished Response to Stress and Posture, Science 196: 905β€”906 (1977).

46

ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ описан Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎ Π² ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π΅ G. Π•. McClearn and J. Π‘. DeFries, Introduction to Behavioral Genetics. ΠžΡΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ΠΉ интСрСс ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠΈ L. L. Heston and J. Shields, Homosexuality in Twins: A Family Study and a Registry Study, Archives of General Psychiatry 18: 149β€”160 (1968); and N. G. Martin, L. J. Eaves, and H. J. Eysenck, Genetical, Environmental and Personality Factors in Influencing the Age of First Sexual Intercourse in Twins, Journal of Biosocial Science 9(1): 91β€”97 (1977). Π‘Π°Π½Π΄Ρ€Π° Π‘ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Ρ€ ΠΈ Π ΠΈΡ‡Π°Ρ€Π΄ А. Π’Π΅ΠΉΠ½Π±Π΅Ρ€Π³ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²Π° наслСдования ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Π° ΠΈ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Ρ‚ Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΌ сравнСния Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ΠΉ, воспитанных биологичСскими ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ родитСлями (Attitudes, Interests, and IQ, Human Nature 1(4): 29β€”36, 1978). Π₯отя Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡŒΡΡ… ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅ популяции Π²ΡΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ вСсьма Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ гСнСтичСскиС Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, Π‘ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Ρ€ ΠΈ Π’Π΅ΠΉΠ½Π±Π΅Ρ€Π³ Π½Π΅ нашли Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π² срСдних Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠΉ Π² IQ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½Ρ†Π°ΠΌΠΈ африканского ΠΈ СвропСйского происхоТдСния.

47

J. Π‘. Loehlin and R. Π‘. Nichols, Heredity, Environment, and Personality (University of Texas Press, Austin, 1976).

48

V. A. McKusick and F. Н. Ruddle, The status of the gene map of the human chromosome, Science 196: 390β€”405 (1977).

49

Π‘ΠΌ. Joan Arehart-Treichel, Β«Enkephalins: More than Just Pain KillersΒ», Science News 112(4): 59, 62 (1977).

50

Π‘ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ гСографичСских Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠΉ см. Π•. О. Wilson and William L. Brown, The subspecies concept and its taxonomic application, Systematic Zoology 2(3): 97β€”111 (1953).

51

Daniel G. Freedman, Human Infancy: An Evolutionary Perspective (Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, N.J., 1974).

52

Nova Green, An Exploratory Study of Aggression and Spacing in Two Preschool Nurseries: Chinese-American and European-American (master’s thesis, University of Chicago, 1969).

53

Marvin Bressler, Sociology, Biology and Ideology, in David Glass, ed., Genetics (Rockefeller University Press, New York, 1968), pp. 178-210.

54

Описания Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π½Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² с ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π°Π·ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ философской Π³Π»ΡƒΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π² ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ Gunther S. Stent, Limits to the Scientific Understanding of Man, Science 187: 1052β€”1057 (1975). Один ΠΈΠ· Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… исслСдоватСлСй этой Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΡ‹ β€” Дэвид Π“. Π₯ьюбСль (David Н. Hubei, Vision and the Brain, Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 31: 17β€”28, 1978). Блуховая систСма описываСтся Π² ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ Harry J. Jerison, Fossil Evidence of the Evolution of the Human Brain, Annual Review of Anthropology 4: 27-58 (1975).

55

ВсСстороннСС философскоС обсуТдСниС Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ значСния для психологии ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΉΡ‚ΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π΅ Bernard Berofsky, Determinism (Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1971).

56

ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ с москитами ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‹ стСрСотипного повСдСния см. Thomas Eisner and Edward О. Wilson, eds., Animal Behavior (W. H. Freeman, San Francisco, 1976).