Π§ΠΈΡ‚Π°ΠΉΡ‚Π΅ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½ Π½Π° Bookidrom.ru! БСсплатныС ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅

Π§ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΠ½Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½ Β«Π’ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΡ. Π’Π°ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡˆΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° ΠΎΠ± ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΠΈ послС «Эгоистичного Π³Π΅Π½Π°Β» Π ΠΈΡ‡Π°Ρ€Π΄Π° Π”ΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ½Π·Π°Β». Π‘Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ†Π° 59

Автор Ѐрэнк Π Π°ΠΉΠ°Π½

Экссудат β€” мутная, богатая Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π³Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ гистогСнной ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ, которая ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΈΡ… кровСносных сосудов Π² мСстС воспалСния.

Π­Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ β€” Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ происхоТдСния, Π²Ρ‹Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹ΠΉ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ. Π­Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ рСтровирус β€” это рСтровирус, ΡΡ‚Π°Π²ΡˆΠΈΠΉ Ρ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ° своСго носитСля.

Π­ΠΏΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ° β€” ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ устойчивых ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°Ρ…, тканях, ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½Π°Ρ… Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ Π² Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ, происходящих Π²Π½Π΅ зависимости ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡΡ… Π”ΠΠš.

ЭукариотичСская ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠ° β€” ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠ° с ядром (Ρƒ растСний, ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ…, Π³Ρ€ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ протистов).

Π­ΡƒΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ β€” Π²Ρ‹ΡΡˆΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΈ, ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Ρ€Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅, Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ мСтатСриям (сумчатым) ΠΈ протСриям (яйцСкладущим) ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌ.

Библиография

Π‘Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠΈ Ѐрэнка П. Π Π°ΠΉΠ°Π½Π°:

1. Ryan F. Π . Human endogenous retroviruses in health and disease: a symbiotic perspective. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 2004; 97: 560–565.

2. Ryan F. P. Genomic creativity and natural selection: a modern synthesis. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 2006; 88: 655–672.

3. Ryan F. P. Viruses as symbioses. Symbiosis 2007; 44:11–21.

4. Ryan F. P. Viruses in cyclical symbioses. The Self in Evolution, ed. Lynn Margulis (Π² ΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ).

5. Ryan F. P. An alternative approach to medical genetics based on modern evolutionary biology. Part 1: mutation and symbiogenesis. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 2009; 102: 272–277.

6. Ryan F. P. An alternative approach tomedical genetics based onmodern evolutionary biology. Part 2: retroviral symbiosis in embryology and normal physiology. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 2009; 102: 324–331.

7. Ryan F. P. An alternative approach to medical genetics based on modern evolutionary biology. Part 3: HERVs in miscellaneous and autoimmune diseases. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 2009; 102: 415–424.

8. Ryan F. P. An alternative approach to medical genetics based on modern evolutionary biology. Part 4: HERVs in cancer. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 2009; 102:474–480.

9. Ryan F. P. An alternative approach to medical genetics based on modern evolutionary biology. Part 5: epigenetics and genomic duplications. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 2009; 102: 531–537.

ΠžΠ±Ρ‰Π°Ρ библиография no Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠ΅:

1. Arnold M. L. Natural Hybridization and Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.

2. Bronowski J. The Ascent of Man. London: British Broadcasting Corporation, 1973, reprinted 1974.

3. Gilbert S.F., Epel D. Ecological Developmental Biology. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates Inc, 2009.

4. Jablonka E., Lamb M. J. Epigenetic Inheritance and Evolution: The Lamarckian Dimension. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995.

5. Jablonka E., Lamb M. J. Evolution in Four Dimensions. Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London: the MIT Press, 2005.

6. Margulis L. Symbiosis in Cell Evolution. New York: W. H. Freeman, 1981, reissued 1993.

7. Margulis L., Fester R. Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999.

8. Morse S. J. Emerging Viruses. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.

9. Ohno S. Evolution by Gene Duplication. New York: Springer Verlag, 1970.

10. Ryan F. Tuberculosis: The Greatest Story Never Told. Bromsgrove: Swift Publishers, 1992.

11. Ryan F. Virus X. London: HarperCollins, UK, 1996.

12. Ryan F. Darwin’s Blind Spot. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2002.

13. Sapp J. Evolution by Association: A History of Symbiosis. Oxford: Oxford, University Press, 1994.

14. Smith J. M, SzathmΓ‘ry E. The Origins of Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.

15. Thomas L. The Lives of a Cell. London and New York: Penguin Books 1978.

16. Thomas L. Late Night Thoughts on Listening to Mahler’s Ninth Symphony. London and New York: Penguin Books, 1980, reprinted 1983.

17. Villarreal L. P. Viruses and the Evolution of Life. Washington, DC: ASM Press 2005.

ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ‡Π°Π½ΠΈΡ

1

Keeble F. Plant Animals: A Study in Symbiosis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1919.

2

Rumpho M.E, Worful J.M, Lee J., et al. Horizontal gene transfer of the algal gene psb0 to the photosynthetic sea slug Elysia chlorotica. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2008; 105 (46); 17 867-17871.

3

Ryan F. Virus X. London: HarperCollins, UK, 1996.

4

Wimmer E. The test-tube synthesis of a chemical called poliovirus. European Molecular Biology Reports 2006; 7: 53–59.

5

Judson H. F. The Eighth Day of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology. London: Penguin Books, 1979.

6

Spencer H. Principles of Biology. London, Williams and Norgate, 1864.

7

A better way to treat cancer, Sikora K. Daily Telegraph 18 Sept 2006. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/3343151/А-better-way-totreat-cancer.html

8

Vogelstein Π’., Kinzler K. W. Cancer genes and the pathways they control. Nature Medicine 2004; 10 (8): 789–799.

9

SjΓΆblom Π’, Jones S., Wood L. D., et al. The consensus coding sequences of human breast and colorectal cancers. Science 2006; 314: 268–274.

10

http://cancergenome.nih.gov.

11

НазваниС этой Π³Π»Π°Π²Ρ‹ β€” пСрСфразированная Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΈΠ· нобСлСвской Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡ΠΈ Π”ΠΆ. Π›Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ€Π±Π΅Ρ€Π³Π°: «ЗСмная Тизнь β€” плотная Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡŒ гСнСтичСских взаимодСйствий».

12

Huxley L. Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley. Vol I London: Macmillan & Co, 1900: 219.

13

Lederberg J. Cell genetics and hereditary symbiosis. Physiological Review, 1952; 32: 403–430.

14

Sapp J. Evolution by Association: A History of Symbiosis. Oxford: Oxford, University Press, 1994.

15

De Π’Π°Π³Ρƒ Π. A. Die Erscheinung der Symbiose (1879).

16

ΠšΠΎΠ½ΡΡ‚Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½ Π‘Π΅Ρ€Π³Π΅Π΅Π²ΠΈΡ‡ ΠœΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ (1855–1921) β€” Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΈΠΊ, Π·ΠΎΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³, философ, ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ. Π‘Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ писатСля ΠΈ общСствСнного дСятСля Π”. Π‘. ΠœΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ. β€” ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠΌ. Ρ€Π΅Π΄.

17

Margulis L., Fester R. Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation. Oxford Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999. Π‘ΠΌ. Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅: Smith J. M., SzathmΓ‘ry E. The Origins of Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.

18

Ryan F. Darwin’s Blind Spot. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2002.

19

Shilts R. And the Band Played On. London: Penguin Books, 1987.

20

Essex Πœ., Kanki P. J. The origins of the AIDS vims. Scientific American, October 1988: 256: 64–71.

21

Polesz B. J., Ruscetti F. W., et al. Detection and isolation of type-C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1980; 77: 7415–9. See also, Gallo R. The discovery of the first human retrovirus: HTLV-1 and HTLV-2. Retrovirology 2005; 2:17–24.

22

Π’ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π΅ Β«Virus XΒ» я описал ΡƒΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡŽ открытия вируса Π’Π˜Π§-1 Π² январС 1983 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π›ΡŽΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠœΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Π°Π½ΡŒΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΠŸΠ°ΡΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ института Π² ΠŸΠ°Ρ€ΠΈΠΆΠ΅.

23

Kanki P. J., McLane М. F., et al. Serologic identification and characterization of a macaque T-lymphotropic retrovirus closely related to HTLV–III. Science 1985; 228: 1199–1201.

24

Whitfield J. Π’. Parasitoids, polydnaviruses and endosymbiosis. Parasitology 1990; 6: 381–384. Whitfield J. B. Estimating the age of the polydnavirus / braconid wasp symbiosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2002; 99: 7508–13.

25

De Groot N., Otting N., et al. Evidence for an ancient selective sweep in the МНБ class I gene repertoire of chimpanzees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2002; 99:11 748-53. Gagneux P., Wills C., Gerloff U., et al. Mitochondrial sequences show diverse evolutionary histories of African hominoids. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1999; 96: 5077–82. Zhao Z., Jin L., Fu Y.-X., et al. Worldwide DNA sequence variation in a 10-kilobase noncoding region on human chromosome 22. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2000; 97: 11 354-8. Vogel T. U., Evans D. T., Urvater J. E., et al. Major histocompatibility complex Class 1 genes in primates: co-evolution with pathogens. Immunological Reviews 1999; 167: 327–337.

26

ЭкспрСссия Π³Π΅Π½Π° β€” процСсс, Π² Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ наслСдствСнная информация ΠΎΡ‚ Π³Π΅Π½Π° прСобразуСтся Π² РНК ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΊ. β€” ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠΌ. Ρ€Π΅Π΄.

27

Из ΠΌΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π²ΡŒΡŽ с профСссором Луисом Π’ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΡΡ€Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΎΠΌ, 2002.

28

Gilbert S. F.. Developmental Biology, seventh edition. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates Inc, 2003:130.

29

Hanger J. J., Bromham L. D., McKee J. J., et al. The nucleotide sequence of koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) retrovirus: a novel type c endogenous virus related to gibbon ape leukemia virus. J. Virol. 2000; 74 (9): 4264–72.

30

Martin J., Hemiou E., Cook J., et al. Interclass transmission and phyletic host tracking in murine leukemia virus-related retroviruses. J. Virol. 1999;73 (3): 2442–9.

31

Tarlinton R., Meers J., Young P. R. Retroviral invasion of the koala genome. Nature 2006; 442: 79–81; Tarlinton R., Meers J., Young P. Biology and evolution of the endogenous koala retrovirus. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 2008. Online at doi 10.1007/s00 018–008–8499-y.

32

Katzourakis A., Tristem Πœ., Pybus O. G., Gifford R. J. Discovery and analysis of the first endogenous retrovirus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2007; 104 (15): 6261–5.

33

Gifford R. J., Katzourakis A., Tristem M., et al. A transitional endogenous lentivirus from the genome of a basal primate and implications for lentivirus evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2008; 105 (51): 20 362-7.

34

Π—Π΄Π΅ΡΡŒ: ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π΄Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡ…Ρ€Π°Π½ΡΡ‚ΡŒ свои свойства Π² ΠΎΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠΆΠ°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ срСдС. β€” ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠΌ. Ρ€Π΅Π΄.

35

Ryan F. Darwin’s Blind Spot. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2002.

36

Villarreal L. P. Viruses and the Evolution of Life. Washington, DC: ASM Press 2005.

37

Thomas L. The Lives of a Cell. London: Penguin Books, 1974: 4.

38

ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ А. Π­Ρ„роса. β€” ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠΌ. Ρ€Π΅Π΄.

39

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_McClintock.

40

РасС II J.K., Feschotte C. The evolutionary history of human DNA transposons: evidence for intense activity in the primate lineage. Genome Research 2007; 17: 422–432.

41

Villarreal L. The source of self: genetic parasites and the origin of adaptive immunity. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (in press).