ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ-Π²ΡΠ½Π΄Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π½Π°ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΡ, ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². Π’Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π΅, ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ² ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π² ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅. ΠΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΡ, Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
ΠΡΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π‘ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ ΠΈ Π»ΠΎΠ½Π³ΠΈΡΡΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄, ΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ» ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π’Π΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°. ΠΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°Ρ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ· 1528 ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°Π» 135, Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΏΠ°Π»Π° Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ, ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΌ. ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π°ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²Π·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ. Π§ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΎ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π² Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠΊΡ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ . Π£ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ . Π Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ, ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°, ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π½ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅, ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ.
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