85
J. Rougerie, Le Proces des Communards (Paris, 1971), PP-155-6. Π ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ Β«Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ Β» ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ Π² ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΆΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π΅, ΠΎ Π΅Π΅ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΌ. Π. Johnson, The Paradise of Association. Political Culture and Popular Organization in the Paris Commune of 1871 (Ann Arbor, 1996).
86
MECW, vol. II, p. 189.
87
Π¦ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Y. Kapp, Eleanor Marx (London, 1972), vol. I, p. 88.
88
K. Marx and F. Engels, Communist Manifesto, p. 243.
89
Π. Marx, Critique of the Gotha Programme (Peking, 1974), pp. 15-21. ΠΠ± ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Β«ΠΏΡΡΠΈ Π² Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π΅Β» ΡΠΌ. Walicki, Marxism, p. 96.
90
ΠΠ± ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Π²ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΌ. D. Lovell, From Marx to Lenin. An Evaluation of Marxβs Responsibility for Soviet Authoritarianism (Cambridge, 1984), pp. 61-4.
91
K. Marx and F. Engels, Gesprache mit Marx und Engels, ed. H. Enzensberger (Frankfurt, 1973), vol. II, pp. 709-10.
92
McLellan, Karl Marx, p. 371.
93
ΠΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΌ. Π² Π. Mann, Sources of Social Power. Vol. 2: The Rise of Classes and Welfare States, 1760-1914 (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 597-601.
94
Π ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΡΠΌ. D. Geary, European Labour Protest, 1848-1939 (London, 1981), pp. 35-7. Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π·Π΄Π΅ΡΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ Mann, Sources of Power, vol. II, pp. 597-601, 680-2. Geary ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ, ΡΠΌ. Geary, European Labour Protest, pp. 107-26.
95
Π¦ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ D. Baguley, βGerminal: The Gathering Stormβ, in B. Nelson (ed.), Cambridge Companion to Zola (Cambridge, 2007), p. 139.
96
E. Zola, Germinal, trans. P. Collier (Oxford, 1993), p. 288.
97
Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, Ρ. 349. Π¦ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ-ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ· Π. ΠΠΎΠ»Ρ Β«ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΒ»; ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ Π. ΠΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ (Π., 1981).
98
Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, Ρ. 523- Π¦ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ-ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ· Π. ΠΠΎΠ»Ρ Β«ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΒ»; ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ Π. ΠΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ (Π., 1981).
99
ΠΠ± Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΌ. Mann, Sources of Power, vol. II, chs.17-18; G. Eley, Forging Democracy. The History of the Left in Europe, 1850-2000 (New York, 2002), pp. 64-5, 79.
100
βThe Diary of Nikolaus Osterrothβ, in The German Worker. Working-Class Autobiographies from the Age of Industrialization, trans, and ed. A. Kelly (Berkeley, 1987), pp. 170-1.
101
Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, Ρ. 172.
102
Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, Ρ. 187.
103
E. Weitz, Creating German Communism 1890-1990: From Popular Protests to Socialist State (Princeton, 1997), p. 51.
104
Π¦ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ The German Worker, p. 409.
105
V. Lidtke, The Alternative Culture: Socialist Labor in Imperial Germany (New York, 1985), pp. 186-7.
106
βThe Diary of Otto Krilleβ, in The German Worker, p. 276.
107
ΠΠ± ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΌ. S. Berger, βGermanyβ, in The Force of Labour, eds. S. Berger and D. Broughton (Oxford, 1995), p. 73.
108
Lidtke, Alternative Culture; B. Emig, Die Veredelung des Arbeiters. Sozialdemokratie als Kulturbewegung (Frankfurt am Main, 1980).
109
Lidtke, Alternative Culture, p. 88.
110
Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, Π΅Π΅. 107-8; ΡΠΌ. ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π. KΓΆrner, Das Lied von einer anderen Welt. Kulturelle Praxis im franzosischen und deutschen Arbeitermilieu 1840-1890 (Frankfurt am Main, 1997), p. 117.
111
Weitz, Creating German Communism, p. 50.
112
Lidtke, Alternative Culture, p. 52.
113
βDiary of Otto Krilleβ, in The German Worker, pp. 267-8.
114
Eley, Forging Democracy, p. 79.
115
K. Kautsky, Selected Political Writings, trans, and ed. P. Goode (London, 1983), pp. 11-12.
116
S. Hickey, Workers in Imperial Germany: the Miners of the Ruhr (Oxford, 1985).
117
J. Rupnik, βThe Czech Socialists and the Nation (1848-1918)β, in E. Cahm and V. Fisera (eds.), Socialism and Nationalism in Contemporary Europe (1848-1945), vol. II (Nottingham, 1979).
118
R. Evans, Proletarians and Politics. Socialism, Protest and the Working Class in Germany before the First World War (New York, 1990), p. 93.
119
August Bebel, Die Frau und der Sozialismus, ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ S. Berger, Social Democracy and the Working Class in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Germany (Harlow, 2000), p. 89.
120
ΠΠ± ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠΌ. James Joll, The Second International (London, 1968), p. 33.
121
Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, Ρ. 45.
122
Π¦ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ G. Steenson, Karl Kautsky, 1854-1938: Marxism in the Classical Years (Pittsburgh, 1991), p. 47.
123
G. Steenson, Β«Not One Man! Not One Penny!Β» German Social Democracy, 1863-1914 (Pittsburgh, 1981), pp. 120-1.
124
Π¦ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Steenson, Karl Kautsky, pp. 120-1.
125
H. Goldberg, Life of Jean Jaures (Madison, 1962), ch. 11.
126
J. Miller, From Elite to Mass Politics. Italian Socialism in the Giolittian Era, 1900-1914 (Kent, Ohio, 1990), pp. 25-9.
127
Π ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈΠΊΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊ Π΄ΠΎ 1914 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΡΠΌ. Π‘. Schorske, German Social Democracy. The Development of the Great Schism (Cambridge, Mass., 1955); ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ β Ρ Π°ΡΠ³ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ» Π² ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΌ. W. Kruse, Krieg und nationalc Integration. Eine Neuinterpretation des sozialdemokratischen Burgfriedensschlusses, 1914-15 (Essen, 1993).
128
Π¦ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ P. Gay, The Dilemma of Democratic Socialism. Eduard Bernsteinβs Challenge to Marx (New York, 1952), p. 296.
129
Π ΠΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½Π΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΌ. Π. Steger, The Quest for Evolutionary Socialism. Eduard Bernstein and Social Democracy (Cambridge, 1997).
130
Π ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»-Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΌ. R. Fletcher, Revisionism and Empire. Socialist Imperialism in Germany, 1897-1914 (London, 1984).
131
Π¦ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π. Mitchell and P. Stearns, Workers and Protest: the European Labor Movement, the Working Classes and the Origins of Social Democracy, 1890-1914 (Itasca, 111., 1971), p. 211.
132
Π ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π‘ΠΠΠ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Β«Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΡΒ» ΡΠΌ. N. Stargardt, The German Idea of Militarism (Cambridge, 1994), p. 148.
133
ΠΠ°Π·Π΅ Π Π°ΠΏΠΏΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ G. Haupt, Socialism and the Great War. The Collapse of the Second International (Oxford, 1972), p. 208.
134
Π¦ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Joll, The Second International, p. 178.
135
Β«ΠΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ Π‘Π°Π½ΠΊΡ-ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ³Π°Β» (1927), ΡΠ΅ΠΆ. B. ΠΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈΠ½. Π ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠ° ΡΠΌ. A. Sargeant, Vsevolod Pudovkin. Classic Films of the Soviet Avant-Garde (London, 2000), pp. 94-5.
136
Π ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΌ. V. Kepley, The End of St Petersburg: The Film Companion (London, 2003).
137
R. Wortman, Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy, Vol. 2: From Alexander II to the Abdication of Nicholas II (Princeton, 2000), pp. 351-8.
138
Π¦ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Wortman, Scenarios of Power, p. 354.
139
Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, Ρ. 362. ΠΠ± ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΌ. cc. 358-64.
140
S. Kanatchikov, A Radical Worker in Tsarist Russia: the Autobiography of Semen Ivanovich Kanatchikov, trans, and ed. R. Zelnik (Stanford, 1986), p. 45.
141
G. Freeze, βThe Soslovie (Estate) Paradigm and Russian Social Historyβ, American Historical Review, 91 (1986), pp. 11-36.
142
ΠΠ± ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ½ ΡΠΌ. Π. Figes, A People.s Tragedy. The Russian Revolution, 1891-1924 (London, 1996), pp. 98-102.
143
Kanatchikov, Radical Worker, pp. 9-10.
144
Π¦ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π’. McDaniel, Autocracy, Capitalism and Revolution in Russia (Berkeley, 1988), p. 172.
145
Π Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π° Β«Π§ΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡΒ» Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΌ. I. Paperno, Chernyshevsky and the Age of Realism: a Study in the Semiotics of Behavior (Stanford, 1988), pp. 30-2.
146
J. Scanlan, βChernyshevsky and Rousseauβ, in A. Mikotin (ed.), Western Philosophical Systems in Russian Literature: a Collection of Critical Studies (Los Angeles, 1979), pp. 103-6.
147
N. Chernyshevskii, What is to be Done? Tales about New People, trans. B. Tucker, expanded by Π‘ Porter (London, 1982), pp. 320-6.
148
ΠΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π§Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ, Π² ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΆΠ°ΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π² A. Drozd, Chernyshevskii s What is to be Done?: A Reevaluation (Evanston, 2001).
149
Π ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π°Π·ΠΈΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠΌ. Π² Π‘. Ingerflom, Le Citoyen impossible. LesRacines russes du leninisme (Paris, 1988), pp. 60-1.
150
Drozd, Chernyshevskii, What is to be Done?
151
Π§Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π. Π. Π§ΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ? Π.: ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°, 1975. ΡΡ. 228
152
Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, Ρ. 242.
153
Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, ΡΡ. 228-260.
154
Π‘ΠΌ. S. Morrissey, Heralds of Revolution: Russian Students and the Mythologies of Radicalism (New York, 1998), p. 19.