21
Π¦ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ-Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ· F. Hemmings, Culture and Society in France 1789 -1848 (London, 1987), p. 25; Roberts, Jacques-Louis David, pp. 16-29.
22
J.-J. Rousseau, 'Considerations on the Government of Poland and on Its Projected Reformation', Π² ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π΅ The Social Contract and Other Later Political Writings, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ V. Gourevitch (Cambridge, 1977), p. 227. Π Β«Π³Π΅ΡΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Β» ΡΠΌ. A.-L. Saint-Just, Oeuvres completes, ed. C. Vellay (Paris, 1908), vol. II, p. 327. Π Π³Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΌ. Higgonet, Goodness, p. 1.
23
Π¦ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ-Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ· J.-J. Rousseau, The Social Contract, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π° Π°Π½Π³Π». Π. Cranston (Harmondsworth, 1968), bk. 2.
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J. Shklar, Men and Citizens: a Study of Rousseau's Social Theory (Cambridge, 1969), p. 206.
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J.-J. Rousseau, Julie, ou la Nouvelle Heloise, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π° Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π. Thompson (Paris, 1966). Π Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ°ΡΡ Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²Π·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π ΡΡΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π²Π·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΌ. N. Fermon, Domesticating Passions. Rousseau, Woman and the Nation (Hanover, NH, 1997). Π‘ΠΌ. ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Shklar, Men and Citizens pp. 150-4.
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Π¦ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π. Baker, Inventing the French Revolution: Essays on French Political Culture in the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge, 1990), p. 135
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D. Jordan, The Revolutionary Career of Maximilien Robespierre (London, 1985), p. 160.
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Π¦ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Jordan, Revolutionary Career, p. 142.
30
S. Marechal, 'Le jugement dernier des rois', Π² ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π΅ L. Moland, Theatre de la revolution: ou, choix de pieces de theatre qui ontfait sensation pendant la periode revolutionnaire (Paris, 1877).
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Π¦ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ R. Rose, Gracchus Babeuf: the First Revolutionary Communist (Stanford, 1978), p. 11.
32
Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, Ρ. 140.
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K. Adler, Engineering the Revolution. Arms and Enlightenment in France, 1763-1815 (Princeton, 1997), pp. 264-5, 255.
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ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ J. Lynn, The Bayonets of the Republic: Motivation and Tactics in the Army of Revolutionary France, 1791-94 (Urbana, 111., 1984), p. 173.
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ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ D. Bell, The First Total War: Napoleon's Europe and the Birth of Modern Warfare (London, 2007), p. 131.
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ΠΠ± ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊ Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΌ. Π‘. Lucas, The Structure of the Terror: the Example ofJavogues and the Loire (Oxford, 1973).
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Robespierre, Oeuvres, vol. X, p. 357.
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Π¦ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ J. Hardman, Robespierre (London, 1999), p. 137.
41
Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, Ρ. 127.
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Π‘ΠΌ. Higgonet, Goodness, pp. 118-20.
43
Hunt, Politics, pp. 76-7.
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Π. ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ, Π€. ΠΠ½Π³Π΅Π»ΡΡ. ΠΠ·Π±Ρ. ΡΠΎΡ. Π., 1962. Π’. 1. Π‘. 247
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Π. Adhemar, 'La Liberte sur les barricades de Delacroix, etudic d'apres des documents inedits', Gazette des Beaux Arts 43 (1954)' p. 88. Π‘ΠΌ. ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π’. Clark, The Absolute Bourgeois. Artists and Politics in France 1848-1851 (London, 1999), pp. 18-20; B. Joubert Delacroix (Princeton, 1998).
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Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, Ρ. 21.
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P. Buonarotti, Conspiration pour Vegalite dite de Babeuf: suivie du proces auquel elle donna lieu, et des pieces justicatives (Brussels, 1828), vol. II, pp. 132-8; R. Rose, Gracchus Babeuf: the First Revolutionary Communist (Stanford, 1978), 213.
49
Π¦ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ R. Hunt, The Political Ideas of Marx and Engels (2 vols.) (London, 1984), vol. I, pp. 155-6. Π‘ΠΌ. ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π‘. Lattek, Revolutionary Refugees. German Socialism in Britain, 1840-1860 (London, 2006), ch. 2.
50
ΠΠ± ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ³Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΌ. G. Stedman Jones, 'Introduction', Π. Marx and F. Engels, The Communist Manifesto (London, 2002), pp. 66, 69.
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Π‘ Fourier, The Theory of the Four Movements, eds. G. Stedman Jones and I. Patterson (Cambridge, 1996).
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P.-J. Proudhon, What is Property?, eds. D. Kelley and B. Smith (Cambridge, 1994), p. 196.
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R. Owen, Selected Works, vol. 3, The Book of the New Moral World, ed. G. Claeys (London, 1993), p. 292.
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Keith Taylor (ed.), Henri Saint-Simon (1760-1825): Selected Writings on Science, Industry and Social Organization (London, 1975), PP. 166-8.
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Reminiscences of Marx and Engels (Moscow, n.d), p. 130.
56
David McLellan, Karl Marx: a Biography (London, 1995), p. 12.
57
Π¦ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ S. Barer, The Doctors of Revolution (London, 2000), pp. 548
58
Π¦ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ L. P. Wessel, Prometheus Bound. The Mythic Structure of Karl Marxβs Scientific Thinking (Baton Rouge, 1984), p. 118.
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Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, Ρ. 119.
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Π ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΠ½Π³Π΅Π»ΡΡΠ° ΡΠΌ. ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Stedman Jones, βIntroductionβ, Marx and Engels, Communist Manifesto, pp. 50-71. Π‘ΠΌ. ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ McLellan, Karl Marx, pp. 112 ff.
61
Π ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΌ. A. Walicki, Marxism and the Leap to the Kingdom of Freedom (Stanford, 1995), p. 41.
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K. Marx and F. Engels, Collected Works [MECW] (New York, 1975), vol. V, p. 47.
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K. Marx, βEconomic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844β, in Marx, Early Texts, pp. 146-7.
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Π¦ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Barer, Doctors, p. 351.
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Marx and Engels, Communist Manifesto, pp. 222-3.
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Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, Ρ. 225.
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Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, Ρ. 243_244
71
ΠΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΌ. Π² D. Priestland, Stalinism and the Politics of Mobilization. Ideas, Power and Terrorin Inter-war Russia (Oxford, 2007), pp. 21-34. ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ. Π‘ΠΌ. A. Gouldner, The Two Marxisms. Contradictions and Anomalies in the Development of Theory (London, 1980), p. 32; S. Hanson, Time and Revolution. Marxism and the Design of Soviet Institutions (Chapel Hill, 1997), pp. 37-55.
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βDiary of Norbert Truquinβ, in M. Traugott (ed.), The French Worker. Autobiographies from the Early Industrial Era (Berkeley, 1993), p. 276.
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Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, Ρ. 285.
74
W. Sewell, Work and Revolution in France: the Language of Labor from the Old Regime to 1848 (Cambridge, 1980), ch. 9, ΠΎ ΠΠΈΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ 1831 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠΌ. Π² R. Bezucha, The Lyon Uprising of 1834: Social and Political Conflict in the Early July Monarchy (Cambridge, Mass., 1974), ch. 2.
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Marx and Engels, Communist Manifesto, p. 258. See also A. Gilbert, Marxβs Politics. Communists and Citizens (Oxford, 1981)- pp. 197, 217-19.
77
ΠΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³ Β«Π΄ΠΈΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠ°Β» Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ. ΠΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ Π²Π·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π² D. Lovell, From Marx to Lenin. An Evalutation of Marxβs Responsibility for Soviet Authoritarianism (Cambridge, 1984). Π ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Β«Π΄ΠΈΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠ°Β» ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠΌ. Π² Hunt, Political Ideas, pp. 284-336; H. Draper, Karl Marxβs Theory of Revolution. Vol. Ill: The Dictatorship of the Proletariat (New York, 1986).
78
ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΌ. Π² G. Duveau, 1848. The Making of a Revolution, trans. A. Carter (London, 1967). Π ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΌ. R. Bezucha, βThe French Revolution of 1848 and the Social History of Workβ, Theory and Society 12 (1983), pp. 469-84; M. Traugott, βThe Crowd in the French Revolution of February 1848β, American Historical Review 93 (1988), pp. 638-52.
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Π ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΌ. R. Gould, Insurgent Identities: Class, Communities and Protest from 1848 to the Commune (Chicago, 1995).
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Π ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΠ½Π³Π΅Π»ΡΡΠ° Π² ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΌ. Gilbert, Marxβs Politics, ch. 10.
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Π. Marx and F. Engels, The Revolution of 1848-1849. Articles from the Neue Rhenische Zeitung, trans. S. Ryazanskaya, ed. B. Isaacs (New York, 1972), p. 136.
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ΠΠ± ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΌ. Gilbert, Marxβs Politics.
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J. Sperber, The European Revolutions, 1848-1851 (Cambridge, 1994), p. 247.
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J. Rougerie, βSur lβhistoire de la Premiere Internationaleβ, Mouvement Social, 51 (1965), pp. 23-46.