32
G. Cyprian Alston, "The Benedictine Order," Catholic Encyclopedia, 2nd ed., 1913.
33
Alexander Clarence Flick, The Rise of the Mediaeval Church (NewYork: BurtFranklin, 1909), 216.
34
ΠΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π² ΠΠΌΡ Π΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ (University of Massachusetts Amherst). β ΠΡΠΈΠΌ. ΡΠ΅Π΄.
35
Henry H. Goodell, "The Influence of the Monks in Agriculture," address delivered before the Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture, August 23, 1901, 22. Copy in the Goodell Papers at the University of Massachusetts.
36
Flick, 223.
37
Cm. John Henry Cardinal Newman, Essays and Sketches, vol. 3, Charles Frederick Harrold, ed. (New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1948), 264β265.
38
Goodell, "The Influence of the Monks in Agriculture",11.
39
Ibid., 6.
40
Charles Montalembert, The Monks of the West: From Saint Benedict to Saint Bernard, vol. 5 (London: Nimmo, 1896), 208.
41
Goodell, "The Influence of the Monks in Agriculture", 7β8.
42
Ibid., 8.
43
Ibid., 8, 9.
44
Ibid., 10.
45
Montalembert, 198β199.
46
John B. O'Connor, Monasticism and Civilization (New York: P. J. Kennedy & Sons, 1921), 35β36.
47
Jean Gimpel, The Medieval Machine: The Industrial Revolution of the Middle Ages (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1976), 5.
48
Randall Collins, Weberian Sociological Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 53β54.
49
Gimpel, 5.
50
Ibid., 3.
51
Π¦ΠΈΡ. ΠΏΠΎ: David Luckhurst, "Monastic Watermills", Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings, no. 8 (London, n.d.), 6; quoted in Gimpel, 5β6.
52
Gimpel, 67.
53
Ibid., 68.
54
Ibid., 1.
55
Reginald GrΓ©goire, Leo Moulin, and Raymond Oursel, The Monastic Realm (New York: Rizzoli, 1985), 271.
56
Ibid., 275.
57
Stanley L. Jaki, "Medieval Creativity in Science and Technology", in Patterns and Principles and Other Essays (Bryn Mawr, Pa.: Intercollegiate Studies Institute, 1995), 81; ΡΠΌ. ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅: Lynn White Jr., "Eilmerof Malmesbury, an Eleventh-Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition", Technology and Culture 2 (1961): 97 β 111.
58
Joseph MacDonnell, S.J., Jesuit Geometers (St. Louis: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1989), 21β22.
59
David Derbyshire, "Henry'Stamped Out Industrial/Revolution'", Telegraph [U. K. I, June 21, 2002; ΡΠΌ. ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅: "Henry's Big Mistake," Discover, February 1999.
60
Montalembert, 225, 89β90.
61
Ibid., 227.
62
Ibid., 227β228. Π£ ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»Π°ΠΌΠ±Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΈΠΌΡ Π΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ° ΠΠ±ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ½Π° Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΎΠΉ.
63
O'Connor, 118.
64
Montalembert, 151β152.
65
L. D. Reynolds and N. G. Wilson, Scribes and Scholars: A Guide to the Transmission of Greek and Latin Literature, 3 rd ed. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991), 83.
66
Ibid., 81β82.
67
Montalembert, 145.
68
Ibid., 146; Raymund Webster, "Pope Blessed Victor III", Catholic Encyclopedia, 2nd ed., 1913.
69
Montalembert, 146. Π‘ΠΌ. ΠΎΠ± ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅: Newman, 320β321.
70
Newman, 316β317.
71
Ibid., 319.
72
Ibid., 317β319.
73
Reynolds and Wilson, 109.
74
Ibid., 109β110.
75
O'Connor, 115.
76
Montalembert, 139.
77
Newman, 321.
78
Montalembert, 143.
79
Ibid., 142.
80
Ibid., 118.
81
Alston, "The Benedictine Order".
82
Thomas Cahill, How the Irish Saved Civilization (New York: Doubleday, 1995), 150, 158.
83
Adolf von Harnack, ΡΠΈΡ. ΠΏΠΎ: O'Connor, 90.
84
Flick, 222β223.
85
Π‘ΠΌ.: Charles Homer Haskins, The Rise of Universities (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1957 [1923]), 1; idem, The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century (Cleveland: Meridian, 1957 [1927]), 369; LowrieJ. Daly, The Medieval University, 1200β1400 (New York; Sheed and Ward, 1961), 213β214.
86
Daly, 4.
87
Richard Π‘. Dales, The Intellectual Life of Western Europe in the Middle Ages (Washington, D. C: University Press of America, 1980), 208.
88
Β«UniversitiesΒ», Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913. Π£Π½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ, Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Ρ Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ, Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ°Ρ (ex consuetudine).
89
Ibid.
90
Gordon Left, Paris and Oxford Universities in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries: An Institutional and Intellectual History (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1968), 18.
91
Daly, 167.
92
Joseph H. Lynch, The Medieval Church: A Brief History (London: Longman, 1992), 250.
93
Daly, 163β164.
94
Ibid., 22.
95
Π. Π. Cobban, The Medieval Universities: Their Development and Organization (London: Methuen& Co., 1975), 82β83.
96
Daly, 168.
97
Β«UniversitiesΒ»; Cobban, 57.
98
"Universities".
99
Daly, 202.
100
Leff, 10.
101
Ibid., 8β9.
102
Π‘ΠΌ. ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Haskins, The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century, ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Ρ The Rise of Universities, 4β5.
103
Π’ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π±Π°ΠΊΠ°Π»Π°Π²ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ. β ΠΡΠΈΠΌ. ΡΠ΅Π΄.
104
Daly, 132β133.
105
Ibid., 135.
106
Ibid., 136.
107
Edward Grant, God and Reason in the Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 184.
108
Ibid., 146.
109
ΠΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Ρ Π΄-ΡΡ Π£ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠΌΡ Mappe (William Marra, ΡΠΌ. 1998). ΠΠ½ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°Π» ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π² Π£Π½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π€ΠΎΡΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΡ , ΡΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ ΡΠ². ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ±Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ.
110
Π¦ΠΈΡ. ΠΏΠΎ Grant, 60β61.
111
David C. Lindberg, The Beginnings of Western Science (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 196.
112
Π ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΠ±Π΅Π»ΡΡ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π² Π΄ΡΡ Π΅ XVIII Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, Π° Π±ΡΠ» Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈ, ΡΠΌ. David Knowles, The Evolution of Medieval Thought, 2nd ed. (London: Longman, 1988), 111ff.
113
Daly, 105.
114
Π‘ΠΌ. ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ: James A. Sadowsky, S. J., "Can There Be an Endless Regress of Causes? " in Philosophy of Religion: A Guide and Anthology, Brian Davies, ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 239β242.
115
Henri Daniel-Rops, Cathedral and Crusade, trans. John Warrington (London: J. M.Dent & Sons, 1957), 311.
116
Ibid., 308.
117
Lindberg, 363.
118
Christopher Dawson, Religion and the Rise of Western Culture (New York: Image Books, 1991 [1950]), 190β191.
119
Grant, 356.
120
Ibid., 364.
121
J. G. Hagen, "Nicolaus Copernicus", Catholic Encyclopedia, 2nd ed., 1913.
122
Jerome J. Langford, O.P., Galileo, Science and the Church (NewYork: Desclee, 1966), 35.
123
Joseph MacDonnell, S. J., Jesuit Geometers (St. Louis: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1989), 19.
124
Ibid.
125
Langford, 45, 52.
126
ΠΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π°ΠΊΡ β ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ½Π° Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ. β ΠΡΠΈΠΌ. ΡΠ΅Π΄.
127
Π’ΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΠΡΠ°Π³Π΅ (1546β1601) ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ» Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ»Π° ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π³Π΅ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ Π³Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°. Π ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π΅ΡΡ, ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ, Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³ Π‘ΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ°, Π° Π‘ΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ.
128
Ibid., 68β69.
129
Π‘Ρ.: Jacques Barzun, From Dawn to Decadence (New York: Harper Collins, 2001), 40; ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠΌ.: H. W. Crocker III, Triumph (Roseville, Calif.: Prima, 2001), 309β311.
130
James Brodrick, The Life and Work of Blessed Robert Francis Cardinal Bellarmine, S. J., 1542β1621, vol. 2 (London: Burns, Oates and Washbourne, 1928), 359.
131
James J. Walsh, The Popes and Science (New York: Fordham University Press, 1911), 296β297.
132
Edward Grant, " Science and Theology in the Middle Ages", in God and Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter Between Christianity and Science, David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers, eds. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 63.
133
MacDonnell, Appendix 1, 6β7.
134
J. L. Heilbron, The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar Observatories (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999), 203.
135
Zdenek Kopal, "The Contribution of Boscovich to Astronomy and Geodesy", in Roger Joseph Boscovich, S. J., F. R. S., 1711β1787, Lancelot Law Whyte, ed. (New York: Fordham University Press, 1961), 175.
136
ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ β ΠΡΠ°Π½. Π Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ° ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΡ. β ΠΡΠΈΠΌ. ΡΠ΅Π΄.
137
Π‘ΠΌ.: Thomas Π. Woods, Jr., The Church and the Market: A Catholic Defense of the Free Economy (Lanham, Md.: Lexington, 2005), 169β174.
138
Stanley L. Jaki, Science and Creation: From Eternal Cycles to an Oscillating Universe (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1986), 150. Β«ΠΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π’Π²ΠΎΡΡΠ° Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎ Π² Π·Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ± Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Β». Ibid. Π‘Ρ.: ΠΡ8, 4, 19,3β7, 104,9, 148, 3,6; ΠΠ΅Ρ5, 24, 31,35.
139
ΠΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ ΠΠΈΠ½Π΄Π±Π΅ΡΠ³ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΡ Π° ΡΠ². ΠΠ²Π³ΡΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ; ΡΠΌ. David Π‘. Lindberg, "On the Applicability of Mathematics to Nature: Roger Bacon and His Predecessors", British Journal for the History of Science 15 (1982): 7.