36. "ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°ΒΠ½ΠΈΠΉβ¦": Geoffrey Foster, "Dana's Strange Disciplines", Management Today, September 1976, p. 61.
37. "Π’ΡΠΈβΠΏΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π·Π° Π³ΠΎΠ΄ β ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ.": John W. Hanley, "Monsanto: The Management Style" (internal communication, September 1974), p. 10.
ΠΠ»Π°Π²Π° 6
1. "ΠΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅, ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΌ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌβ¦": Lewis H. Young, "Views on ManageΒment" (ΡΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π½Π° Ward Howell International, Links Club, New York, Dec. 2, 1980), p. 5.
2. "Π₯ΠΎΡΡ Π² Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈβ¦": Π½Π° ΡΡΡ. 157β158 ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ Shook, Ten Greatest Salespersons, "Joe Girard", pp. 7β24.
3. "ΠΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΠΆΠΎβ¦": ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, p. 24.
4. "Π‘Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅β¦": Watson, A Business and Its Beliefs, pp. 29, 32.
5. "ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°β¦": Shook, pp. 55β73.
6. "ΠΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΈΡΡβ¦": "No. l's Awesome Strategy", Business Week, June 8, 1981, p. 86.
7. "Π’Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌβ¦": ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, p. 88.
8. "ΠΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°β¦": Π½Π° ΡΡΡ. 165β167 ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ Dinah Nemeroff, Service Delivery Practices and issues in Leading Consumer Service Businesses: A Report to Participating Companies (New York: Citibank, April 1980).
9. "ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡ ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½ΡΡ , Π½Π° Π½Π°Ρ Π²Π·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉβ¦": Π½Π° ΡΡΡ. 167β168 ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΒΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ N. W. Pope, "Mickey Mouse Marketing", American Banker, July 25, 1979, ΠΈ Pope, "More Mickey Mouse Marketing", American Banker, Sept 12, 1979.
10. "Traditions I": Pope, "Mickey Mouse Marketing", p. 14.
11. "ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Ρ Π°Π²ΠΈΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡβ¦": Victor F. Zonana, "Boeing's Sale to Delta Gives It Big Advantage Over U.S. Competitors", Wall Street Journal, Nov. 13, 1980, pp. 1, 20.
12. "ΠΡ ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡβ¦": Harold Mansfield, Vision: The Story of Boeing (New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1966), pp. 361β62.
13. "Caterpillar ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌβ¦": "Caterpillar: Sticking to Basics to Stay Competitive", Business Week, May 4, 1981, p. 74.
14. "ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈβ¦": Gilbert Cross, "The Gentle Bulldozers of Peoria", Fortune, July 1963, p. 167.
15. "ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Caterpillar ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎβ¦": "Caterpillar", Business Week, May 4, 1981, p. 74.
16. "ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ Π² ΠΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈβ¦": ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, p. 77.
17. "ΠΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΒΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ°β¦": William L. Naumann, "The Story of Caterpillar Tractor Co." (ΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π° Newcomen Society of North America, Chicago, Mar. 17, 1977), p. 16.
18. "ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π°β¦": ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅.
19. "ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρβ¦": ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅.
20. "ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π±Ρ ΠΌΠ½Π΅ Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·β¦": Kroc, Grinding It Out, p. 91.
21. "ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΌ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌβ¦": McDonald's Corporation 1980 Annual Report (Oak Brook, III, 1980), p. 4.
22. "ΠΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° β Π² ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡβ¦": "Burger King Looks for Consistency", Sun, July 1980.
23. "Π ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡβ¦": Digital Equipment Corporation 1979 Annual Report (Maynard, Mass.: Digital Equipment Corporation, 1979), p. 3.
24. "Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠΉΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈ Π»Π΅Ρβ¦": EdΒmund Faltermayer, "The Man Who Keeps Those Maytag Repairmen Lonely", Fortune; November 1977, p. 193.
25. "Maytag ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π»Π° ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡβ¦": Lawrence Ingrassia, "Staid Maytag Puts Its Money on Stoves but May Need to Invest Expertise, Too", Wall Street Journal, July 23, 1980, p. 25.
26. "ΠΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎβ¦": Bill Abrams, "P&G May Give Crest a New Look After Failing to Brush Off Rivals", Wall Street Journal, January 8, 1981, p. 21.
27. "ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Hewlett-Packardβ¦.": Π½Π° ΡΡΡ. 175β177 ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ Bill Hooper, Susan Konn, Robin Rakusin, Mike Sanders, and Tom Shannon, "The Management of Quality in the Computer Services Division of Hewlett-Packard Company" (Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡ, Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, February 25, 1982).
28. "ΠΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ Π²ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉβ¦": Kathleen Π. Wiegner, "The One to Watch", Forbes, March 2, 1981, p. 60.
29. "ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΌ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡΒΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡβ¦": Dun's Review, December 1978, p. 40.
30. "ΠΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π² ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ , ΠΊΡΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈβ¦": Catherine Harris, "What Ails IBM?" Financial World, May 15, 1981, p. 17.
31. "Caterpillar ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ Π²ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊβ¦": Business Week, May 4, 1981, p. 77.
32. "Deere Π½Π΅ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡβ¦": Harlan S. Byrne, "Deere & Co. Farm-Machinery Leadership Helps Firm Weather the Industry's Slump", The Wall Street Journal, February 20, 1981, p. 48.
33. "ΠΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°β¦": David Π. Tinnin, "The Heady Success of Holland's Heineken", Fortune, December 16, 1981, p. 169.
34. "ΠΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΡΠΏΠΈΡΡβ¦": Treadwell Davison, Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ (Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, February, 1982).
35. "ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ΄ Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΉΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅β¦": Alistair Mant, The Rise and Fall of the British Manager, rev. ed. (London: Pan Books Ltd.), pp. 108β109.
36. "ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠ°Π³Π°Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²β¦": Walter McQuade, "Making a Drama Out of Shopping", Fortune, March 24, 1980, p. 107.
37. "ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ²Π°Π»Π° Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΡΒΠΊΠΈβ¦": Howard Rudnitsky and Jay Gissen, "Winning Big by Thinking Small", Forbes, September 28, 1981, p. 106.
38. "ΠΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΡ Π²β¦": Lewis W. Lehr, "How 3M Develops Entrepreneurial Spirit Throughout the Organization", Management Review, October 1980, p. 31.
39. "Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ Π²Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π·β¦": James M. Utterback, "Patterns of Industrial Innovations", Π² Technology, Innovation, and Corporate Strategy: A Special Executive Seminar Presented by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, November 17, 1978 (Cambridge, Mass.: Industrial Liaison ProΒgram, MIT, 1978), p. 3.
40. "ΠΠΎ ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ° Π²Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡβ¦": Howard Rudnitsky, "Will It Play in Toledo?" Forbes, November 10, 1980, p. 198.
41. "ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π΅Π΅β¦": Herbert Meyer, "How Fingerhut Beat the Recession", Fortune, November 17, 1980, p. 103.
42. "Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»Π΅ Fortuneβ¦": Bro Uttal, "The Gentlemen and the UpΒstairs Meet in a Great Mini Battle", Fortune, April 23, 1979, pp. 98β108.
43. "Π·Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΡΠ½Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΡΡβ¦": Meyer, pp. 103β104.
44. "ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Neiman-Marcusβ¦": Stanley Marcus, Minding the Store (New York: New AmeriΒcan Library, 1975), p. 3.
45. "Procter & Gamble ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π»Π°, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΒΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ»ΠΎ 200 000 ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉβ¦": The Procter & Gamble Company Annual Report (Cincinnati: Procter & Gamble, 1979), p. 13.
46. "He ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ½ Π₯ΠΈΠΏΠΏΠ΅Π»Ρβ¦": Eric A. Von Hippel, "Users as InnovaΒtors", Technology Review, January 1978, pp. 31β39.
47. "Π€ΠΎΠ½ Π₯ΠΈΠΏΠΏΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎβ¦": ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, pp. 32β33.
48. "Π 1873 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π·Π° 68 Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²β¦": Ed Cray, Levi's (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1978), pp. 21β22.
49. "ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΒΠΊΠΈβ¦": Uttal, p. 100.
50. "ΠΠ° Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅β¦": "Wang Labs Challenges the Goliaths", Business Week, June 4, 1979, p. 100.
51. "Π ΡΠΈΡΠ»Ρ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΉβ¦": Π½Π° ΡΡΡ. 196β197 ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Success and Failure in Industrial Innovation: Report on Project SAPPHO (Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex, London: Centre for the Study of Industrial Innovation, February 1972), ΠΈ Roy Rothwell, "SAPPHO UpΒdated β Project SAPPHO, phase II", Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡ (Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex, July 1973).
ΠΠ»Π°Π²Π° 7
1. "ΠΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρβ¦": Modesto A. Maidique, "Entrepreneurs, Champions, and Technological Innovation", Sloan Management Review, Winter 1980, p. 60.