433
Daniel Webster, ΡΠΈΡ. ΠΏΠΎ: Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase, βSupreme Court Reports,β Legal Tender Cases, 12 Wall 586, Opinion of the Minority.
434
Murray N. Rothbard, The Panic of 1819 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1962), p. 3.
435
Ross M. Robertson, History of the American Economy (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1964), p. 161.
436
Murray N. Rothbard, The Case for a 100 Percent Gold Dollar, p. 35.
437
Rothbard, The Panic of 1819, p. 183.
438
Jefferson to William C. Rives, November 28, 1819, in his Writings, T.E. Bergh, ed., (Washington, D.C.: Jefferson Memorial Association of the United States, 1904), XV, pp. 229β232.
439
Jefferson to Charles C. Pinckney, September 23, 1820, in ibid., XV, p. 279. Π‘ΠΌ. ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅: Jefferson to Hugh Nelson, March 12, 1820, ibid., p. 258; Jefferson to A. Gallatin, ibid., November 24, 1818; December 26, 1820.
440
John Adams to John Taylor, March 12, 1819, in Adams, Works (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1856), X, p. 375.
441
John Adams to Benjamin Rush, August 28, 1811, ibid., IX, p. 638.
442
Adams to F. A. Vanderkemp, February 16, 1809, ibid., IX, p. 610.
443
Michael J. L. OβConnor, Origins of Academic Economics in the United States (New York: Columbia University Press, 1944), p. 28. Π‘ΠΌ. ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅: de Tracy, Treatise on Political Economy (Georgetown, Washington, D. C., 1817).
444
John Quincy Adams to Peter Paul Francis de Grand, November 16, 1818, Writings, Worthington C. Ford, ed., (New York: Macmillan, 1916), VI, pp. 472β473.
445
Virginia General Assembly, Journal of the House of Delegates, 1820β1821 (December 4, 1820), pp. 11β12.
446
Murray N. Rothbard, Panic of 1819, pp. 137β140.
447
Daniel Raymond, Elements of Political Economy (Baltimore, Maryland: F. Luckas, Jr. and E. J. Coale, 1823), II, 132ff. Π‘ΠΌ. ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅: ibid., I, pp. 248β253. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ (1820) Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ Thoughts on Political Economy.
448
Pennsylvania Legislature, Journal of the House, 1820β1821 (January 15, 1821), pp. 252β268. Π‘ΠΌ. ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅: Condy Raguet, A Treatise on Currency and Banking (2nd ed., 1840), pp. 68β69, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΠ°Π½ΠΊ ΠΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΠΠ°Π½ΠΊ ΠΠ°ΠΌΠ±ΡΡΠ³Π°, Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 100%-Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ.
449
Murray N. Rothbard, Panic of 1819, p. 188.
450
Lloyd W. Mints, A History of Banking Theory (Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, 1945), p. 157.
451
Thomas Law, Address before the Columbian Institute in 1825 (published in 1828), p. 67.
452
Henry Vethake, The Principles of Political Economy (1838), p. 181.
453
William M. Gouge, A Short History of Paper Money and Banking in the United States (New York: B. & S. Collins, 1835), pp. 21β22, 172.
454
Joseph Dorfman, The Economic Mind in American Civilization (New York: The Viking Press, 1949), Vol. II, p. 609.
455
Quoted in Dorfman, The Economic Mind, II, p. 613.
456
Ibid., II, p. 614.
457
Harry E. Miller, Banking Theories in the United States Before 1860 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1927), p. 21.
458
Π£Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π² Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π°Π΄ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π. ΠΠΆΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΡΡ-ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅, ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡ . Π€ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΏΠ°Π»Π° Π·Π° ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π±ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅Π³, ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ»Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π² Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ·ΠΎΠ². ΠΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ 29 ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ±ΡΡ 1835 Π³. ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π² ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°Π» Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π²ΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ² ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ. Π Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊ (loco foco matches) Π²Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π·Π°ΠΆΠ³Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅.
459
William Trimble, βDiverging Tendencies in New York Democracy in the Period of the Locofocos,β American Historical Review, β3, April 1919. Π‘ΠΌ. ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅: Fitz-William Byrdsall, History of the Loco-Foco or Equal Rights Party (New York, 1842). ΠΠ± Π£ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠΌΠ΅ ΠΠ΅Π³Π³Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΌ.: A Collection of the Political Writings of William Leggett, edited by Theodore Sedgewick, Jr. (New York, 1840).
460
James Cox, Metallic Money, Its Value and Its Function (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Office of the Public Ledger, 1841), pp. 8β14. Π. ΠΠ°Π»Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΏΠ°Π» Π·Π° ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎ 100%-Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ: A. A. A. Gallatin, Considerations, Etc. (1831), p. 38.
461
Thomas Joplin, An Essay on the General Principles and Present Practice of Banking in England and Scotland (London: Baldwin, 1826).
462
A. E. Feaveryear, The Pound Sterling, p. 244. Π‘ΠΌ. ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅: Lloyd W. Mints, A History of Banking Theory, p. 75.
463
Quoted in F. A. Walker, Money (New York: H. Holt, 1891), p. 420.
464
David Ricardo, The Works of David Ricardo (London: John Murray, 1876), p. 287 [Π ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΎ Π. ΠΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² β Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ½ΠΎΡ // Π ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΎ Π. Π‘ΠΎΡ. Π’. II. Π.: ΠΠΎΡ. ΠΈΠ·Π΄-Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, 1955. Π‘. 78].
465
Ibid., p. 403 [Π ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΎ Π. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΠ°Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π° Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π° Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ° // Π ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΎ Π. Π‘ΠΎΡ. Π’. II. Π.: ΠΠΎΡ. ΠΈΠ·Π΄-Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, 1955. Π‘. 192].
466
Lloyd W. Mints, A History of Banking Theory, p. 77.
467
A. E. Feaveryear, The Pound Sterling, p. 253.
468
ΠΠ΄.: Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ (Π»Π°Ρ.). β ΠΡΠΈΠΌ. ΡΠ΅Π΄.
469
Ibid., p. 249β250.
470
Lloyd W. Mints, A History of Banking Theory, p. 79.
471
S. J. Loyd, Reflections Suggested by a Perusal of Mr. J. Horsley Palmerβs Pamphlet on the Causes and Consequences of the Pressure on the Money Market (1837), p. 43.
472
Ludwig von Mises, The Theory of Money and Credit, p. 369 [ΠΠΈΠ·Π΅Ρ Π. ΡΠΎΠ½. Π’Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅Π³ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ].
473
Sir Henry Parnell, βObservations on Paper Money, Banking and Overtrading, including those parts of the evidence taken before the Committee of the House of Commons which explained the Scotch System of Banking,β Pamphlet (1827), p. 88.
474
ΠΠ΄Π°ΠΌ Π‘ΠΌΠΈΡ, Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΏΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΉ Π·Π° Β«ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΒ», Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π» ΠΎ Π¨ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π½Π΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅. Π‘ΠΌ: Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, pp. 281β282 [Π‘ΠΌΠΈΡ Π. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². Π‘. 308β309].
475
Lloyd W. Mints, A History of Banking Theory, pp. 212β213.
476
Charles Holt Carroll, Organization of Debt Into Currency and Other Papers (Princeton, New Jersey: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1964), Edward C. Simmons, ed., pp. xiβxiv. Π‘ΠΌ. ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅: Carroll, βThe Currency and the Tariff,β Huntβs Merchantsβ Magazine and Commercial Review, XXXIII (August, 1855), pp. 1919β1999; in ibid., p. 12.
477
Stephen A. Colwell, The Ways and Means of Payment (2nd ed., 1860), p. 493. Π‘Ρ. pp. 482β483, 488, 632.
478
Ibid., p. 495; 11β12, 368.
479
Amasa Walker, The Science of Wealth, pp. 184β223. Π‘ΠΌ. ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅: Dorfman, The Economic Mind, Vol. III, pp. 50β54.
480
Ibid., p. 231.
481
Amasa Walker, Nature and Uses of Money and Mixed Currency (Boston: Crosly, Nichols & Co., 1857), pp. 20β21, 52.