Π§ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ½Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½ Β«ΠΠ°ΡΠ» ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ. ΠΡΠ±ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΈ ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π». ΠΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈΒ». Π‘ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ° 268
ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡ ΠΡΡΠΈ ΠΠ°Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ»
{33}. MECW, Volume 3, 576, 579.
{34}. Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, 580. (ΠΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ±ΠΈΠΉΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π» Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ±Ρ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΡΠΈΠΈ. Π£Π±ΠΈΠΉΡΠ°, ΠΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ ΠΡΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠ³ Π§Π΅Ρ , Π±ΡΠ» Π±ΡΠ²ΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ²ΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌ. ΠΠ½ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΊΠ°Π·Π½Π΅Π½. Brophy, Popular Culture and the Public Sphere, 85.)
{35}. MEGA, I, Band 2, 501.
{36}. Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen, Karl Marx, 82, 83.
{37}. Somerhausen, LβHumanisme, 69.
{38}. MECW, Volume 3, 582, 583.
7. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΆ, 1845{1}. Wheen, Karl Marx, 17.
{2}. McLellan, Karl Marx, 95, 115.
{3}. Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, 116; Seigel, Marxβs Fate, 147.
{4}. KMIR, 5.
{5}. Marx and Engels, Cologne Communist Trial, 44.
{6}. Gustav Mayer, Friedrich Engels: A Biography, 3, 4; Terrell Carver, Engels: A Very Short Introduction, 5; Carver, Friedrich Engels: His Life and Thought, 3.
{7}. MECW, Volume 2, 582.
{8}. Carver, Engels, Short Introduction, 3; Seigel, Marxβs Fate, 148.
{9}. Mayer, Friedrich Engels, 9, 10; Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England, x; Hammen, Red 48ers, 30.
{10}. MECW, Volume 2, 511, 512.
{11}. Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, 525.
{12}. Carver, Friedrich Engels, 31; Carver, Engels, Short Introduction, 3; Π‘ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° Π.Π., Π€ΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΈΡ ΠΠ½Π³Π΅Π»ΡΡ, 22.
{13}. MECW, Volume 2, 9.
{14}. Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, 10.
{15}. Carver, Friedrich Engels, 146.
{16}. MECW, Volume 2, 493.
{17}. Π‘ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° Π.Π., Π€ΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΈΡ ΠΠ½Π³Π΅Π»ΡΡ, 17.
{18}. Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, 19; Hammen, Red 48ers, 35, 36; Mayer, Friedrich Engels, 19; Carver, Friedrich Engels, 64; Hammen, Red 48ers, 36.
{19}. Mayer, Friedrich Engels, 26; Hammen, Red 48ers, 39.
{20}. Mayer, Friedrich Engels, 4.
{21}. Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, 30; Carver, Friedrich Engels, 96, 97.
{22}. John Smethurst, Edmund Frow, and Ruth Frow, Β«Frederick Engels and the English Working Class Movement in Manchester, 1842, 1844Β», 340, 341.
{23}. Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, 341.
{24}. Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, 342.
{25}. Edmund Frow and Ruth Frow, Frederick Engels in Manchester, 9, 11; Eleanor Marx Aveling to Karl Kautsky, Mar. 15, 1898, Moscow.
{26}. Engels, Condition of the Working Class, 61, 63, 65, 66.
{27}. Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, 91.
{28}. Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, 148.
{29}. Smethurst, Frow, and Frow, Β«Frederick Engels and the English Working Class MovementΒ», 342.
{30}. Mayer, Friedrich Engels, 44; Mick Jenkins, Frederick Engels in Manchester, 16.
{31}. Smethurst, Frow, and Frow, Β«Frederick Engels and the English Working Class MovementΒ», 343, 344.
{32}. Carver, Friedrich Engels, 110, 111; Hammen, Red 48ers, 77.
{33}. MECW, Volume 4, 8.
{34}. McLellan, Karl Marx, 118.
{35}. Giroud, Femme du diable, 62.
{36}. McLellan, Karl Marx, 116, 117.
{37}. MECW, Volume 4, 55, 76.
{38}. MECW, Volume 38, 9, 10.
{39}. Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, 4, 17, 18.
{40}. Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen, Karl Marx, 83, 84.
{41}. REM, 222.
{42}. Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen, Karl Marx, 84.
{43}. Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, 84, 85.
{44}. REM, 222.
{45}. MECW, Volume 38, 525, 526.
{46}. REM, 222.
8. ΠΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, Π²Π΅ΡΠ½Π° 1845{1}. McLellan, Karl Marx, 143.
{2}. Fejto (ed.), Opening of an Era, 161; Robert Payne, Karl Marx, 118.
{3}. MECW, Volume 4, 675.
{4}. Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, 676, 677.
{5}. Somerhausen, LβHumanisme, 76.
{6}. Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, 75; Raddatz, Karl Marx, 284.
{7}. Longuet, Karl Marx, 114.
{8}. Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, 118.
{9}. McLellan, Karl Marx, 141; Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen, Karl Marx, 99, 100.
{10}. Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen, Karl Marx, 100; Peters, Red Jenny, 62, 63.
{11}. Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen, Karl Marx, 100.
{12}. McLellan, Karl Marx, 129; Fejto (ed.), Opening of an Era, 57; KMIR, 20; Robert Payne, Karl Marx, 118, 119.
{13}. MECW, Volume 38, 21, 22; McLellan, Karl Marx, 130; Longuet, Karl Marx, 118.
{14}. KMIR, 20; McLellan, Karl Marx, 130; Longuet, Karl Marx, 118.
{15}. KMIR, 5, 6.
{16}. ΠΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ Π½Π° Π‘ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π»Π΅ Π΄ΠΎ 1852 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°. Shlomo Avineri, Moses Hess, 16; Longuet, Karl Marx, 118.
{17}. KMIR, 20.
{18}. Peters, Red Jenny, 60; McLellan, Karl Marx, 129, 130; Edna Healey, Wives of Fame, 78.
{19}. KMIR, 20; Peters, Red Jenny, 60.
{20}. KMIR, 60; ΠΠ°Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΠΉ Π€ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Π², Π₯Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π°, 970; Peters, Red Jenny, 61.
{21}. McLellan, Karl Marx, 130; Longuet, Karl Marx, 119; Mayer, Friedrich Engels, 66.
{22}. MECW, Volume 38, 9, 10.
{23}. Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, 19, 20.
{24}. Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, 10, 11, 28, 29.
{25}. Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, 572(n)
{26}. Mayer, Friedrich Engels, 65.
{27}. MECW, Volume 38, 13.
{28}. McLellan, Karl Marx, 130.
{29}. MECW, Volume 38, 19.
{30}. McLellan, Karl Marx, 143; Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen, Karl Marx, 133.
{31}. Longuet, Karl Marx, 120.
{32}. Whitridge, Men in Crisis, 293.
{33}. Stearns, 1848, 31, 32; Hobsbawm, Age of Revolution, 64; Roberts, History of Europe, 14.
{34}. Hamerow, Restoration, Revolution, Reaction, 81.
{35}. Stearns, 1848, 28; Roberts, History of Europe, 221, 913.
{36}. Hobsbawm, Age of Revolution, 169; Fejto (ed.), Opening of an Era, 24.
{37}. Evans and von Strandmann (eds.), Revolutions in Europe, 1848, 49, 3; Derek Offord, Nineteenth-Century Russia, 20.
{38}. Annenkov, Extraordinary Decade, 62.
{39}. Offord, Nineteenth-Century Russia, 10; Hobsbawm, Age of Revolution, 160, 162.
{40}. Fejto (ed.), Opening of an Era, 60.
9. ΠΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ½, 1845{1}. Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor, 296.
{2}. MECW, Volume 5, 3; McLellan, Karl Marx, 131, 132.
{3}. MECW, Volume 5, 5.
{4}. McLellan, Karl Marx, 130.
{5}. MECW, Volume 3, 576, 578.
{6}. G. D. H. Cole and Raymond Postgate, The British Common People 1746, 1946, 302, 305; Stearns, 1848, 22.
{7}. McLellan, Karl Marx, 133; Β«On Your MarxΒ», The Guardian, London, Feb. 4, 2006, 31; MECW, Volume 38, 574.
{8}. Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor, 12, 13, 15; Engels, Condition of the Working Class, 80, 84.
{9}. Engels, Condition of the Working Class, 61, 72, 73.
{10}. Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, 78, 80.
{11}. Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, 153; Stephen Halliday, The Great Filth, 43.
{12}. ΠΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄ΠΊΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΠ½Π³Π΅Π»ΡΡΠ° Π² 1845 Π³. Π² ΠΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Ρ, Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π² Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ΅ Π§Π΅ΡΡΠΌΠ°, ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ, Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π» Π½Π° ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡΠ°. ΠΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄ΠΊΡ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π» ΠΠ½Π³Π΅Π»ΡΡ, ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅Ρ ΡΠΏΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄ΠΊΡ Π΄Π²ΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΡΡΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ½Ρ, Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π³ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΌ ΠΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡΠ° Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ½ ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π» ΡΡΡΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ° β ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌ-ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅, Π° Π½Π΅ Π² ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ Π·Π°Π»Π°Ρ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ.
{13}. Engels, Condition of the Working Class, 36, 37, 40.
{14}. Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, 58, 59.
{15}. Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor, 57, 58.
{16}. Robert Winder, Bloody Foreigners, 196, 197.
{17}. Engels, Condition of the Working Class, 40.
{18}. Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor, 111, 118.
{19}. Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, 167, 476.
{20}. McLellan, Karl Marx, 133; Hammen, Red 48ers, 119.
{21}. Marx and Engels, Cologne Communist Trial, 40, 41.
{22}. Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, 41.
{23}. MECW, Volume 26, 315, 317; Marx and Engels, Cologne Communist Trial, 42, 43.
{24}. E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class, 17, 19.
{25}. Cole and Postgate, British Common People, 196.
{26}. Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, 202, 203, 214.
{27}. Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, 249, 258; Francis Sheppard, London 1808, 1870, 320, 321.
{28}. Cole and Postgate, British Common People, 261, 262.
{29}. Thompson, English Working Class, 194, 822.
{30}. A. N. Wilson, The Victorians, 43; Kenneth Morgan, The Birth of Industrial Britain, 84; Cole and Postgate, British Common People, 280.
{31}. Cole and Postgate, British Common People, 286; Sheppard, London 1808, 1870, 327.
{32}. McLellan, Karl Marx, 133.
{33}. Marx and Engels, Cologne Communist Trial, 44; McLellan, Karl Marx, 133; Hammen, Red 48ers, 120.
10. ΠΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, 1846{1}. MECW, Volume 5, 41.
{2}. MECW, Volume 38, 527, 528.
{3}. Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅
{4}. Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, 528.
{5}. REM, 223; Longuet, Karl Marx, 121.
{6}. MECW, Volume 38, 528, 529.
{7}. McLellan, Karl Marx, 133, 134.
{8}. MECW, Volume 5, xvi, 24; McLellan, Karl Marx, 135; Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen, Karl Marx, 103; Draper, Karl Marxβs Theory of Revolution, 189.
{9}. MECW, Volume 5, 31.
{10}. MECW, Volume 26, 173 and Volume 5, 44; Carver, Engels, Short Introduction, 72.
{11}. MECW, Volume 5, 50.
{12}. Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, 52.
{13}. Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, 52, 74, 75.
{14}. Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, 59.
{15}. MECW, Volume 47, 31.
{16}. Β«ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΒ» Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ 1932 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ Π² ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Π΅. McLellan, Karl Marx, 140, 141.
{17}. MECW, Volume 4, 678, 679, 721(n); Longuet, Karl Marx, 122, 123; Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen, Karl Marx, 101.
{18}. McLellan, Karl Marx, 143; MECW, volume 38, 39.
{19}. MECW, Volume 38, 573(n).
{20}. Longuet, Karl Marx, 124.
{21}. MECW, Volume 38, 533.
{22}. McLellan, Karl Marx, 143, 144; Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen, Karl Marx, 108, 109.
{23}. Marx and Engels, Cologne Communist Trial, 46.
{24}. Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen, Karl Marx, 109.