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Summary
The Memory of the Blockade: Original Evidence and the Historical Consciousness of Society presents the results of the research projects realized by the Center for Oral History at the European University in St. Petersburg: The Blockade in the Fates and Memory of the Citizens of Leningrad and The Leningrad Blockade in the Collective and Individual Memory of the Inhabitants of the City (2001β2003). They analyses the image of the Leningrad blockade in the public conscience of the inhabitants of this city after the Second World War. Examination of the collective and individual memory of the blockade β the history of how its image was constructed in the official discourse of the post-War years and the personal recollections of the eyewitnesses β is accompanied by the publication of the interviews with those who survived in the blockade and the younger generation of the Leningrad citizens, whose parents or relatives abode the blockade.
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
1
ΠΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ Π²Π·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡ, Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ Π. Π₯Π°Π»ΡΠ±Π²Π°ΠΊΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ²ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² (ΡΠΌ.: Halbwachs 1950: 78β87).
2
Π‘ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π±Π΅Π·ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎ, Π·Π°ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π’. Π. ΠΠ»ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ (1973: 27β32), ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ° ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅Π΄Π°Π³ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°Π΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΡΠ·Π΅Ρ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠ· ΠΠΎΠ»Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ Π£Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½Π° Π’Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ (ΡΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ) ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ Π² 1965β1966 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ . Π Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡΡ 1905 ΠΈ 1917 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Π΅, ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Π΅. ΠΡΠΎ Π΅Π΄Π²Π° Π»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ 1970-Ρ β ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ 1980-Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΡ. Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ° 1980-Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Β«ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈΒ» (ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠΊΠ° Ρ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π° oral history). ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ (ΡΠΌ.: ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠ², Π ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ² 1986: 6β16; Π£ΡΡΡ 1989: 3β32; ΠΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ, ΠΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΎ 1989; ΠΠΈΠΊΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° 1990: 210β216; Π ΠΎΠΆΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ 1990:141β150; ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΄Π° 1990: 25β30; Π₯ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ²Π° 1997).
3
Π’Π°ΠΊ, Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ Π΅ΠΌΡ Π΄Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅: Β«Π£ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ β ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠΉ. Π Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, Π° ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡΡ , ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ , Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ»Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ . Π£ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°Β» (ΠΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΎ 2003: 69).