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ΠΠ»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² V Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π΅Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° (ΠΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ±ΡΡ 1927 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°). ΠΠ»ΡΠ΄Ρ Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π΅, Ρ Π΄ΡΠΌΠ°Π», ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π° ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Ρ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π» ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠ²ΠΊΡ Π½Π° βΠΠ²Π°Π½Ρβ, ΠΌΠ½Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π·Π»ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ°Π»Π° ΠΊ ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡ Π£ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ. ΠΠ»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ·ΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΡΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»ΡΡ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ. Π ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ°: ΡΠ°Π»Π°Π½ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π’ΠΎΠ»Π»Π°ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°Π» ΠΌΠΎΠΈΠΌ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ βΠΠΎΠ½Π²ΠΈΠ»Π» ΠΈ Π£ΠΎΠ»Ρβ. Π― ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡ Π΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ, ΠΎΠ½ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΌΠ½Π΅ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π» Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ. ΠΠΆΠ΅ΠΉΠΊ Π‘ΠΌΠΈΡ-ΠΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ» ΠΌΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π·Π²Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ βΠΠ²Π°Π½Ρβ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ . Π― Ρ ΠΎΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΠΆΠ΅ΠΉΠΊΡ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ βΠΠΎΠ½Π²ΠΈΠ»Π» ΠΈ Π£ΠΎΠ»Ρβ, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΠ»ΡΡ ΠΠΎΠ½Π²ΠΈΠ»Π» ΠΈ Π‘ΡΡ ΠΡΠΌΡΡΡΠΎΠ½Π³, Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ. Π― ΡΠ°Π΄, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΠ°ΠΉΠΊΠ»Π° ΠΠ°ΡΠ»Π°ΠΉΠ»Π° ΠΈ ΠΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ Π² Π‘Π¨Π.
Π― ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°Π½ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΡΠ½Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΡΠ°ΠΉΠ°Π½Ρ, ΠΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΡΡΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈ, ΠΠ»ΡΠ±ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡ Π€Π΅Π»ΡΠΈΠ½Π³Ρ, ΠΠΆΠΎΠ½Ρ Π. Π₯Π°ΠΉΠ»Π±ΠΎΡΠ½Ρ, ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΠΆ. ΠΠ»ΡΠΉΠ½Ρ, Π―Π³Π΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅, Π£ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΡΡΡ, ΠΡΠ½Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΠ²Π΅ΡΠ±Π°Ρ, ΠΠ±ΡΠ°Ρ Π°ΠΌΡ ΠΠ°ΠΉΡΡ, Π₯Π΅Π»ΡΠΌΡΡΡ Π Π΅Ρ Π΅Π½Π±Π΅ΡΠ³Ρ ΠΈ ΠΠΆΠΎΠ½Ρ Π‘ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π»Ρ. Π― Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π» Π±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎ ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π³Π°Π»ΡΠΏΠΏΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΠ½ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π° Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² V Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π΅Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°.
ΠΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΡΠΉ-ΠΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΌΠ°Π½, Π Π°Π²ΠΈ ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈ, Π‘ΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½ ΠΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΠΆΠΎ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΆ, ΠΠΎΠ± ΠΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½, ΠΠΆΠΎΠ½ ΠΠΆΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΠΠ² ΠΡΠΉ, β Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡ. Π― Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π° Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π·ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΈΡΡΠΈ ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΆΠ΅Π» ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌΡ. ΠΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΅Ρ Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π» ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ βΠΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠ°β, ΠΈ Ρ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ Π΅ΠΌΡ Π·Π° ΡΡΠΎ. Π‘Π°ΠΉΠΌΠΎΠ½ Π€Π»ΠΈΠ½Π½ ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° βΠΠΉΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π±ΡΠΊΡβ, Π½Π΅ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠΌΡΠΉ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Ρ, ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π» ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π²Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ Π² Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΈ Ρ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π·Π° ΡΡΠΎ. ΠΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°Π½ Π₯ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΡΡ ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π·ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ (Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ Π±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΌΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΡ). Π― Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΡ Π€Π°ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΠ°Π΄ΠΆΠΌΠ΅ Π€ΠΈΠ½Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ· βΠΠΉΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π±ΡΠΊΡβ Π·Π° ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ·ΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΌ, Π° ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π₯ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ β Π·Π° ΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π΅. Π― ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΠΈΠ»Ρ ΠΡΠ°ΠΉΡΡ ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅Π³Π°ΠΌ ΠΈΠ· βΠ€Π°Π±Π΅Ρ ΠΈ Π€Π°Π±Π΅Ρβ.
ΠΡΠ° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠ»Π° Π±Ρ Π² ΡΠ²Π΅Ρ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π±Ρ Π½Π΅ Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ, ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ° ΠΠ°ΠΌΠ±Π΅ΡΠ° Π Π°ΠΌΠ°, ΠΡΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ°, Π ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈ ΠΡΠΉ-ΠΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π°, ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΡΠΉ-ΠΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΌΠ°Π½, Π Π°Π΄ΠΆΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ°, Π‘Π°Π½ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Π°, ΠΠ² ΠΡΠΉ, ΠΠΆΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΠΆΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ Π Π°Π²ΠΈ ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈ.