Π§ΠΈΡ‚Π°ΠΉΡ‚Π΅ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½ Π½Π° Bookidrom.ru! БСсплатныС ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅

Π§ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΠ½Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½ «На Π·Π°Ρ€Π΅ чСловСчСства: НСизвСстная история Π½Π°ΡˆΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ²Β». Π‘Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ†Π° 76

Автор Николас Уэйд

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ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π°, вСроятно, Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ сопСрничСство ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ митохондриями Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ Π±Ρ‹ слишком Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ. ΠœΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ½Π΄Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ спСрматозоида ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±Ρ‹ нСсут Π½Π° сСбС химичСский ярлык Β«Π£Π±Π΅ΠΉ мСня». Π›ΠΈΡˆΡŒ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ спСрматозоид ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ½Π΅Ρ‚ Π² яйцСклСтку, Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ½Π΄Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ. Π’ яйцСклСткС имССтся ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 100 000 своих ΠΌΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ½Π΄Ρ€ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½Π° Π½Π΅ нуТдаСтся Π² сотнС, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… спСрматозоидом. Douglas C. Wallace, Michael D. Brown, and Marie T Lott, Β«Mitochondrial DNA Variation in Human Evolution and Disease,Β» Gene, 238:211–230 (1999).

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Β«Π‘Π΅Π·ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Π΅Β», ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡ‚ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‡Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π­Π»ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅Ρ‚ ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΡˆΠ°Π»Π» Вомас Π² своСй Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π΅ The Old Way, β€“ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² самоназвания Π±ΡƒΡˆΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΆΡƒΡ†ΡŠΠΎΠ°Π½. Вомас ΠΏΠΈΡˆΠ΅Ρ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π² свСтС Π΅Π³ΠΎ экологичСской устойчивости ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ сущСствования ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠΌ Π² 35 000 Π»Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π· ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ Π±ΡƒΡˆΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ² Π±Ρ‹Π» «самой ΡƒΡΠΏΠ΅ΡˆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΡƒΡŽ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ Π·Π½Π°Π»ΠΎ чСловСчСство». Π―Ρ€ΠΊΠΈΠΉ рассказ ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡ†Π° ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ собиратСлСй, содСрТащийся Π² ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π΅ Вомас, дополняСт антропологичСскоС исслСдованиС Π ΠΈΡ‡Π°Ρ€Π΄Π° БорсСй Π›ΠΈ. Elizabeth Marshall Thomas, The Old Way β€“ A Story of the First People, Farrar Strauss Giroux," 2006.

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Lawrence H. Keeley, "War before Civilization," Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 134.

85

Richard Borshay Lee, The IKung San, p. 399. The odd symbols represent different kinds of click.

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Nicholas Wade, Β«To People the World, Start with 500,Β» New York Times, November 11, 1997, p. F1.

95

Vincent Macaulay et al., Β«Single, Rapid Coastal Settlement of Asia Revealed by Analysis of Complete Mitochondrial Genomes,Β» Science 308:1034–1036 (2005). Π“Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ Ρ€Π°ΡΡˆΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ½Π΄Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Π”ΠΠš людСй, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΊ вСтвям M ΠΈ N, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ‹ Африки, ΠΈ сравнили ΠΈΡ… с L3, внутриафриканской Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚Π΅ Π΄Π²Π΅ ΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡŒ. Зная Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ½Π΄Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ Π”ΠΠš Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΌΡƒΡ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Ρ‹Π΅ подсчитали, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΈ M ΠΈ N ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡŒ ΠΎΡ‚ L3 826 ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ 20 650 Π»Π΅Ρ‚ Π½Π°Π·Π°Π΄. ВрСмя, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΅ для Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π° трансформаций, зависит ΠΎΡ‚ числСнности популяции, ΠΈ Ссли ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ извСстно, Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ исходной популяции ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡƒΡΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ. ΠŸΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ это Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ 550 ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ‰ΠΈΠ½ Ρ€Π΅ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ возраста, Ссли популяция Π½Π΅ мСнялась Π² Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ Π² Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 20 000 Π»Π΅Ρ‚, Π° Ссли росла, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ, нСсомнСнно, Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ, Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ мСньшС.

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103

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104

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110

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111

Π‘ΠΏΠΎΡ€ ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡƒ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρƒ Π½ΡƒΠΆΠ½ΠΎ отнСсти ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŽΡ‚ΠΎΠΊ-флорСсийцСв, достиг ΠΏΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° нСсколько ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΏ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Π» патологичСски ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π°Π±Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ соврСмСнному Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΡƒ. Новый взгляд, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ· Австралийского Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ унивСрситСта ΠΈ БиднСйского унивСрситСта, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ флорСсийцы Π½Π΅ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ Π½ΠΈ патологичСской Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Homo sapiens, Π½ΠΈ ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡŒΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ Homo erectus, Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡˆΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Ρ€Π°Π½Π½Π΅ΠΉ трансафриканской ΠΌΠΈΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, Π΅Ρ‰Π΅ Π² Ρ‚ΠΎ врСмя, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° остров ЀлорСс Π±Ρ‹Π» Ρ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΊΠ°. Π­Ρ‚Π° позиция основана Π½Π° сходствС Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΏΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΌΡƒ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π° ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠΌ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Ρ‚Π°ΠΌ с ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ Homo erectus, Homo ergaster. Debbie Argue, Denise Don-Ion, Colin Groves, and Richard Wright, Homo floresiensis: Microcephalic, pygmoid, Australopithecus, or Homo?" Journal of Human Evolution 51, 360–374 (2006).

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