Π§ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ½Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½ Β«Π‘Π²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠ³ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΒ». Π‘ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ° 63
ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡ ΠΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΡΠ΅ΠΉ
34
Gosso et al. (2005), pp. 218, 226.
35
Liedloff (1977), p. 90.
36
Guemple (1988), p. 137.
37
Thomas (2006), p. 198.
38
Thomas (2006), pp. 198β199.
39
Bakeman et al. (1990).
40
ΠΠ»Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΌΡ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΡ Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²-ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Ρ . ΠΡ Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π°Π½ΠΊΠ΅ΡΡ, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ (ΡΠΌ. Gray, 2009).
41
Draper (1976), pp. 210, 213.
42
Blurton Jones, Hawkes, and Draper (1994).
43
Hewlett et al. (2011).
44
Thomas (2006).
45
Draper (1976), pp. 205β206.
46
Hewlett et al. (2011).
47
Thomas (2006).
48
Liebenberg (1990).
49
Wannenburgh (1979), p. 41.
50
Thomas (2006), pp. 99β100.
51
Kaplan et al. (2000).
52
Walker et al. (2002).
53
Liebenberg (1990).
54
Kaplan et al. (2000).
55
Bock (2005); Kaplan et al. (2000).
56
Hewlett et al. (2011).
57
Draper (1988); Gosso et al. (2005); Turnbull (1961).
58
Gray and Feldman (2004).
59
Sutton-Smith and Roberts (1970).
60
Marshall (1976).
61
Turnbull (1982).
62
Turnbull (1982).
63
Bakeman et al. (1990); Eibl-Eibesfeldt (1989); Gosso (2005).
64
Hay and Murray (1982); Rheingold et al. (1976).
65
Bakeman et al. (1990); Wiessner (1982).
66
Turnbull (1982), p. 134.
67
Gould (1969), p. 120.
68
Liedloff (1977), p. 10.
69
Thomas (2006), pp. 216β217.
70
Diamond (1997).
71
Sahlins (1972).
72
Shostak (1981), p. 10.
73
Woodburn (1968).
74
Draper (1988).
75
Bock and Johnson (2004).
76
Salamone (1997).
77
Chagnon (1977); Good and Chanoff (1991). ΠΠ΅Π·ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎ, Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄, ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ»Π»Π°Π½Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅, ΠΈΡΠΏΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ³Π°Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°Π±Π΅Π³ΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠ°Π±Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² XVII Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ΅ (Salamone, 1997).
78
Fajans (1997).
79
Quoted by Fajans (1997), p. 40.
80
Barry, Child, and Bacon (1959).
81
Gardner (1991).
82
Barry et al. (1959); DeVore et al. (1968); Gould (1969).
83
Ember and Ember (2005).
84
Gray (2009).
85
Thomas (1959), p. 152; Gould (1969) p. 128.
86
Orme (2001).
87
Orme (2001), p. 315.
88
Ensign (1921).
89
Gray (2009).
90
Weber (1904β1905/1958).
91
Mulhern (1959).
92
Greenleaf (1978), p. 57.
93
Quoted by Mulhern (1959), p. 383.
94
Mulhern (1959), p. 383.
95
Bernard (1836).
96
Melton (1988), p. 43.
97
Melton (1988), pp. 43β44.
98
Melton (1988), p. 186.
99
Miller (2000).
100
Bowles and Gintis (2000).
101
Melton (1988), p. 158.
102
Heywood (2001).
103
Melton (1988), pp. 531β532.
104
Quoted by Johnson (2000), p. 40.
105
Ensign (1921).
106
Bowles and Gintis (2000).
107
Ross (1901), p. 163.
108
Ross (1901), p. 164.
109
Ross (1901), p. 163.
110
Ross (1901), p. 174.
111
Kaestle (2000).
112
Csikszentmihalyi and Hunter (2003).
113
Schneller (2002).
114
Clark (1977).
115
Einstein (1949), p. 19.
116
McMahon (2007); Oleck (2008); Pytel (2007).
117
Pytel (2007).
118
Education Portal (2007).
119
Gray (2011a); Twenge and Foster (2010); Twenge et al. (2008).
120
H. Smith (2000), pp. 62β63.
121
Merrell et al. (2008); J. D. Smith et al. (2004).
122
Gray (1993).
123
Mayes et al. (2009), p. 2; Pastor and Reuben (2008).
124
Ricaurte et al. (2005).
125
Gray (2010).
126
Greenberg (1974).
127
Sudbury Valley School (1970), p. 18.
128
Sudbury Valley School (1970), p. 42.
129
Gray and Chanoff (1986).
130
Greenberg and Sadofsky (1992); Greenberg, Sadofsky, and Lempka (2005).
131
Π‘ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ Β«Π‘Π°Π΄Π±Π΅ΡΠΈ ΠΡΠ»Π»ΠΈΒ» ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²-ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π²Π·ΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Gray (2011b).
132
Ingold (1999).
133
Gray and Feldman (1997, 2004).
134
Gray (2009); Thomas (2006).
135
Gray (2009).
136
Sadofsky, Greenberg, and Greenberg (1994).
137
Gray and Chanoff (1986).
138
Mitra (2003, 2005); Mitra and Rana (2001).
139
Mitra and Dangwal (2010).
140
Mitra (2004).
141
Aristotle (1963 translation).
142
Gordon (1999).
143
Inglis et al. (2001).
144
Roberts et al. (2007).
145
Π ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ (ΡΠΌ. Renner, 1988) Π±ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π²Π° ΠΏΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ° Ρ ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. Π‘Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ Π±ΡΠ» Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ. ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅. Π§ΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π΄Π²ΡΠΌΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π·Π° Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½Π΄, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ.
146
Friedman (1972).
147
Baillargeon (2004, 2008).
148
Ruff (1986, 1989).
149
Schulz and Bonawitz (2007).
150
Bonawitz et al. (2011).
151
Hughes and Hutt (1979); Hughes (1978).
152
Groos (1898), p. 75.
153
ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ Burghardt (2005) and Fagen (1981).
154
Groos (1901).
155
Mitra and Rana (2001).
156
Schulz et al. (2007).
157
Brooks and Meltzoff (2002).
158
Ibid. (2008).
159
Okamoto-Barth et al. (2007); Tomonaga (2007).
160
Dennett (1994).