269
ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π²Π·ΡΡΠ° ΠΈΠ· U.S. v. Paramount Pictures, 85 F.Supp. 881 (S.D.N.Y. 1949). ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π°ΡΡΠ°ΠΌ Β«ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π°Β» Π² 1930β1940-Ρ Π³Π³. ΡΠΌ. Π² Andrew Hanssen, Β«The Block Booking of Films ReexaminedΒ», in John Sedgwick and Michael Pokorny, eds., An Economic History of Film (New York: Routledge, 2005), 121β151.
270
Thurman W. Arnold, The Folklore of Capitalism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1937), 211. Π Π°Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅Π΅ΡΡΡ, Π² ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ² ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΄ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π», ΡΡΠΎ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ³Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ. Π‘ΠΌ. ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, 207β230.
271
Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1977).
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Β«Arnold Demands a New Movie DealΒ», New York Times, April 23, 1940, 19. ΠΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² AMA ΡΠΌ. Π² United States v. American Medical Association, 110 F.2d 703 (D.C. Cir. 1940). Π‘ ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π° 1938 Π³. ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π² Interstate Circuit v. United States, 304 U.S. 55 (1938).
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ΠΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π°, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ΅ Π² 1948 Π³. ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, Π²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π² ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Β«Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ ParamountΒ», ΡΠΌ. Π² United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc., 334 U.S. 131 (1948).
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ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΡΡΠ½Π΄Π΅Π»Π»Π° ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ Paramount Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΊ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ Π½Π° Π±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΡΡ, ΡΠΌ. Π² Robert W. Crandall, Β«Postwar Performance of the Motion-Picture Industry: The EconomicsΒ», Antitrust Bulletin 20 (1975): 61. ΠΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΠ½Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΌ. Π² Martin Halliwell, American Culture in the 1950s (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007), 147. ΠΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΠ½Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°: Christopher Anderson, Hollywood TV: The Studio System in the Fifties (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994), 1.
275
Richard E. Caves, Creative Industries: Contracts Between Art and Commerce (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002), 95β96.
276
ΠΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π² Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΄Π°, ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π₯Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°, ΡΠΌ. Π² Peter Biskind, Easy Riders, Raging Bulls: How the Sexβ Drugsβ and RockβN Roll Generation Saved Hollywood (New York: Simon and Schuster Paperbacks, 1998), 23β52.
277
Jack Valenti, The Voluntary Movie Rating System: How It Began, Its Purpose, the Public Reaction (pamphlet, 1996).
278
ΠΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π² 1950-Ρ ΠΈ 1960-Ρ Π³Π³. ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅. Π 1968 Π³. Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ. Π‘ΠΌ. Geoff King, New Hollywood Cinema: An Introduction (London: IB Tauris, 2002), 31. ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΄Π° ΡΠΌ. ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, 1β33.
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ΠΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ° ΡΠΌ. Π² J.C.R. Licklider, Β«Memorandum for Members and Affiliates of the Intergalactic Computer NetworkΒ», KurzweilAI.net, www.kurzweilai.net/articles/art0366.html?printable=1.
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Π£Π·Π½Π°ΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π² H. Peter Alesso and Craig Forsythe Smith, Connections: Patterns of Discovery (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons, 2008), 60; ΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ β M. Mitchell Waldrop, The Dream Machine: J.C.R. Licklider and the Revolution That Made Computing Personal (New York: Penguin, 2002).
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Π Π΅ΠΉΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΄ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ AN/FSQ7 Π² Howard Rheingold, Tools for Thought: The History and Future of Mind-Expanding Technology (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000), 142β144.
282
J. C. R. Licklider, Β«Man-Computer SymbiosisΒ», IRE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics HFE1 (1960): 4.
283
John Markoff, What the Dormouse Said: How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry (New York: Penguin, 2005), 9.
284
ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΡΡΠ°Π½Π° ΡΠΌ. Katie Hafner and Matthew Lyon, Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet (New York: Touchstone, 1996), 53β67.
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ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ Π³Π»Π°Π²Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π½Π° Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ° Ρ Π Π°Π»ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΈ Π‘ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ 14 ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ±ΡΡ 2008 Π³. ΠΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Β«The Wired NationΒ» Π²ΡΡΠ»Π° Π² Nation, May 18, 1970, 582.
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ΠΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΌ. Π² Richard P. Hunt, Β«Expressway Vote Delayed by City: Final Decision Is Postponed After 6-Hour HearingΒ», New York Times, December 7, 1962; ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΌ. Hilary Ballon and Kenneth T. Jackson, eds., Robert Moses and the Modern City: The Transformation of New York (New York: W. W. Norton, 2008).
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ΠΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ. Π‘ΠΌ. Megan Mullen, The Rise of Cable Programming in the United States: Revolution or Evolution (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2003), 90β93; Patrick Parsons, Blue Skies: A History of Cable Television (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2008); Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Patrick R. Parsons and Robert M. Frieden, The Cable and Satellite Television Industries (Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1997). Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΌ. Brian Lockman and Don Sarvey, Pioneers of Cable Television: The Pennsylvania Founders of an Industry (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2005).
288
Hearings Before the Senate Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, United States Senate, 85th Cong., 2d Sess., 1959 (statement of William C. Grove).
289
House Committee on the Judiciary, 89th Cong., Copyright Law Revision Part 6, Supplementary Report of the Register of Copyrights on the General Revision of the U.S. Copyright Law: 1965 Revision Bill 42 (Comm. Print 1965).
290
U.S. Cong. House Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Courts, Civil Liberties and the Administration of Justice Hearings, 92d Cong. (1972) (statement of Jack Valenti), reprinted in 15 Omnibus Copyright Revision Legislative History 727 (George S. Grossman, ed., 1976).
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392 U.S. 390 (1968).
292
Stanley M. Besen and Robert W. Crandall, Β«The Deregulation of Cable TelevisionΒ», 44 Law & Contemporary Problems 77 (1981): 93.
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Π Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΌ. Ralph Engelman and Morley Safer, Friendlyvision: Fred Friendly and the Rise and Fall of Television Journalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009); Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ΅ See It Now ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π΅ Thomas Rosteck, See It Now Confronts McCarthyism: Television Documentary and the Politics of Representation (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1994), Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠ΅ 2005 Π³. Good Night and Good Luck (Β«ΠΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΠΉ Π½ΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΒ»), ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΆΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈ.
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Mullen, Rise of Cable Programming, 84.
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Fred Friendly, Β«Asleep at the Switch of the Wired CityΒ», Saturday Review, October 10, 1970, 58.
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Sloan Commission on Cable Communications, On the Cable: The Television of Abundance: Report (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1971), 119. Π ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ.
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Π‘ΠΌ. Cabinet Committee on Cable Communications (1974), Cable: Report to the President. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ Π½ΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π’Π ΡΠΌ. Π² David Waterman and Andrew A. Weiss, Vertical Integration in Cable Television (Washington, DC: AEI Press, 1997), 1β2. ΠΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Β«ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π±Π°Β» ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠΊ Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΊΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ½Π΅Ρ ΠΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠΌ. Parsons, Blue Skies, 297β341.
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Π‘ΠΊΠ°Π½Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎ All the Presidentβs Men, 2nd ed. (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994), 105.
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ΠΠ°ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ S. 1167 before the Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly, July 9, 1974.
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ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠΆΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΠ΅Π±Π°ΡΡΡΠ° Π²Π·ΡΡΠΎ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Steve Coll, The Deal of the Century: The Breakup of AT&T (New York: Atheneum, 1986); Kristin McMurran, Β«A.T.& T. Chairman John deButts Puts on Golden Glow and a Big Smile for a Ma Bell TV PitchΒ», People, November 28, 1977; Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π° Π² The New York Times.
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Π¦ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΄ΡΠΈ ΠΠΎΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠ° ΡΠΌ. Π² Richard Posner, Β«The Decline and Fall of AT&T: A Personal RecollectionΒ», Federal Communications Law Journal 61 (2008): 15. Π¦ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Bell Π² Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π°Π±ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π½Π°Π΄ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌ. Π² Β«In the Matter of Use of the CarterFone Device in Message Toll Telephone ServiceΒ», 1968 WL 13208, 4 (FCC, June 26, 1968).
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ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ MCI ΡΠΌ. Π² Alan Stone, How America Got Online (New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1997), 61β81.
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ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ Ρ Carterfone ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° Π² CarterFone Device, 1968 WL 13208. ΠΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΌ. Π² Steven M. Besen and Garth Saloner, Β«The Economics of Telecommunication StandardsΒ», in Robert W. Crandall and Kenneth Flamm, eds., Changing the Rules: Technological Change, International Competition, and Regulation in Communications (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1989), 210.
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ΠΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ° Hayes Corp. ΡΠΌ. Π² Claus E. Heinrich and Bob Betts, Adapt or Die: Transforming Your Supply Chain into an Adaptive Business Network (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 3β4.
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ΠΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ 1971 Π³. Computer I ΡΠΌ. Π² Alan Pearce, Β«Computer Inquiry I, II, and IIIβComputers and Communications: Convergence, Conflict, or Policy ChaosΒ», in Fritz E. Froehlich and Allen Kent, eds., The Froehlich/Kent Encyclopedia of Telecommunications, vol. 4 (New York: Marcel Dekker, 1992), 219β331.
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ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π° Π² ΠΠΎΠ½Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Bell, ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Β«Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ BellΒ» ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Β«ΠΠΊΡ ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΈ 1976 Π³.Β». Π‘ΠΌ. Β«Communications: A Bill for Ma BellΒ», Time, May 4, 1976.
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ΠΠ·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄Ρ Π€Π°ΡΠ»ΡΡ Π°Π±Π΅ΡΠ° ΡΠΌ. Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ Π² Gerald R. Faulhaber, Tele-communications in Turmoil: Technology and Public Policy (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1987).