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ΠΠΠ‘Π Π ΠΠ¨ΠΠ§Π
Π½Π° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Ρ Π ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΄Π° ΠΠΈΠ½Π½Π° Β«Π Π°ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅: ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Β». ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΡΠΎΠ½, 2006.
ΠΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° Π . ΠΠΈΠ½Π½Π° Β«Π Π°ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅: ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°ΒΠ»ΠΈΠ·Β» ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ½Π΄Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΄, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π°) ΠΏΡΠΎΒΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ 550 ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΒΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π±) ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π²Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΒΠΆΠΎΠΌ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅, ΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π.Π . ΠΡΡΠΈΠΈ Β«ΠΠ± ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²Β», Π²ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡ Π² 1974 Π³. Π² ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅ Β«ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Β». Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΒΠ»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, Π² ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π±Π΅ΡΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ. Π‘ΠΏΠΎΡΒΠ½ΡΠΌ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ.
ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ², Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π²ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΒΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ (ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Ρ.Π΄.), Π² ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ. Π ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ Π . ΠΠΈΠ½Π½. ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠΎΒΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ. Π Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΒΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π΅ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π΄Π΅ΒΡΡΡΡΡ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ³Π΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΠ°ΒΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Β«ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Β». ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΒΠ·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ³Π΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΒΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Ρ. ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ Π² Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ³Π΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΒΠΌΠΈ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΒΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ (Π²Π΅ΡΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ , ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΒΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ.Π΄.).
ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ, Π . ΠΠΈΠ½Π½, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½ΒΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ , ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°ΒΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π²ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. Π ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ , Π³Π΄Π΅ Π²ΡΠΆΠΈΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎ, Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ°Π» Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΒΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Β
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Π ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΄ ΠΠΈΠ½Π½
Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ. Π’Π°ΠΊ, Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Ρ Π°ΡΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΒΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² (ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π΄Ρ.) Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ, Π±Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΒΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΡΠΆΠΈΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΒΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π . ΠΠΈΠ½Π½ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½Π΅ΒΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΌΠ° Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π§. ΠΠ°ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π°: ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π² Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ°.