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K. A. Plumb, Β«New Precambrian Time Scale,Β» Episode 14, no. 2 (1991): 134β40.
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A. H. Knoll, et al., Β«A New Period for the Geologic Time Scale,Β» Science 305, no. 5684 (2004): 621β22.
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ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Β«Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Β», ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Β«ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠ° Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Β», ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π΅Ρ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅, Π½Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅. Π’ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΉΡΠΈ Π·Π΄Π΅ΡΡ: E. A. Petigura, A. W. Howard, G. W. Marcy, Β«Prevalence of Earth-Size Planets Orbiting Sun-Like Stars,Β» Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110, no. 48 (2013). doi:10.1073-pnas.1 319 909 110, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅ NASA www. nasa.gov-mission_pages-kepler-news-kepler20130103.html.
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Π NASA ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ (science1.nasa.gov-science-news-science-at-nasa-2003-020ct_goldilocks-are). Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ: S. Dick, Β«Extraterrestrials and Objective KnowledgeΒ» Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ A. Tough, When SETI Succeeds: The Impact of High-Information Contact (Foundation for the Future, 2000): 47β48.
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Π₯ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ, Π΄Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅: G. Marcy et al. Β«Observed Properties of Exoplanets: Masses, Orbits and Metallicities,Β» Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement no. 158 (2005): 24β42.
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D. McKay et al., Β«Search for Past Life on Mars: Possible Relic Biogenic Activity in Martian Meteorite AL84001,Β» Science 273, no. 5277 (1996): 924-30.
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P. Ward, Life as We Do Not Know It: The NASA Search for and Synthesis of Alien Life (New York: Viking, 2005); P. Ward and S. Benner, Β«Alternative Chemistry of Life,Β» in W. Sullivan and J. Baross, eds. Planets and Life: The Emerging Science of Astrobiology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008): 537-44.
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W. K. Hartmann and D. R. Davis, Β«Satellite-Sized Planetesimals and Lunar Origin,Β» Icarus 24, no. 4 (1975): 504-14; R. Canup and E. Asphaug, Β«Origin of the Moon in a Giant Impact Near the End of the Earths Formation,Β» Nature 412, no. 6845 (2001): 708-12; A. N. Halliday, Β«Terrestrial Accretion Rates and the Origin of the Moon,Β» Earth and Planetary Science Letters 176, no. 1 (2000): 17β30; D. Stoffler and G. Ryder, Β«Stratigraphy and Isotope Ages of Lunar Geological Units: Chronological Standards for the Inner Solar System,Β» Space Science Reviews 96 (2001): 9β54.
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A. T. Basilevsky and J. W. Head, Β«The Surface of Venus,Β» Reports on Progress in Physics 66, no. 10 (2003): 1699 1734; J. F. Kasting, Β«Runaway and Moist Greenhouse Atmospheres and the Evolution of Earth and Venus,Β» Icarus 74, no 3 (1985): 472β94.
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D. H. Grinspoon and M. A. Bullock, Β«Searching for Evidence of Past Oceans on Venus,Β» Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 39 (2007): 540.
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ΠΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°: G. B. Daliymple, The Age of the Earth (Redwood Cityβ: Stanford University Press, 1994). ΠΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅ Π² Β«The Age of the Earth in the Twentieth Century: A Problem (Mostly) Solved,Β» Special Publications, Geological Society of London 190 (2001): 205β21.
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Π£Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π» ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² β ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ½ ΠΠ΅ΠΉΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ ΠΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ Π‘ΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ½ ΠΈΠ· ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ° Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠΎ Π² ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ Nature Π² 1988 Π³. (Β«Impact Frustration of the Origin of Life,Β» Nature 331, no. 6157 (1988): 612β14.) ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΠ°Π½Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΠΎΡΠΌΠ° Π‘Π»ΠΈΠΏΠ°: K. Zahnle et al., Β«Cratering Rates in the Outer Solar System,Β» Icarus 163 (2003): 263β89; F. Tera et al., Β«Isotopic Evidence for a Terminal Lunar Cataclysm,Β» Earth and Planetary Science Letters 22, no. 1 (1974): 1β21. ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π² Π½Π΅Π΄Π°Π²Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΈ Π²Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ (Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π‘ΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ° Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ): W. F. Bottke et al., Β«An Archaean Heavy Bombardment from a Destabilized Extension of the Asteroid Belt,Β» Nature 485 (2012): 78β81; G. Ryder et al., Β«Heavy Bombardment on the Earth at -3.85 Ga: The Search for Petrographic and Geochemical Evidence,Β» in Origin of the Earth and Moon, R. M. Canup and K. L. Tighter, eds. (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2000): 475β92.
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Π ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³, www.amnh.org-leam-pd-earth-pdf-evoliition_earth_atmosphere.pdf β Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ Π²Π΅Π±-ΡΠ°ΠΉΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅. Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ: K. Zahnle et al., Β«Earths Earliest Atmospheres,Β» Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 2, no. 10 (2010).
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ΠΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΌΡ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠ΅Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° Β«Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Ρ Π’Π΅Ρ Π°ΡΒ». Π ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΠΆΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΆ ΠΡΡ-ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠΈΠΉ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ. Π‘ ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π»Π° Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ, Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ. ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ± ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ Π·Π΄Π΅ΡΡ: www.breadandbutterscience.com/CATIS.pdf.
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ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π°Π·Π° Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅ ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅ΠΉ Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ β Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ. ΠΠ° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ -ΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ: Walker, Β«Carbon Dioxide on the Early Earth,Β» Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 16, no. 2 (1985): 117β27. Π§ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡ (Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Β«Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈΒ»), Π½Π° ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π²Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π°: D. H. Rothman, Β«Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Levels for the Last 500 Million Years,Β» Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99, no. 7 (2001): 4167β71, ΠΈ D. Royer et al., Β«CO, as a Primary Driver of Phanerozoic Climate,Β» GSA Today 14, no. 3 (2004): 4β15. ΠΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π² Π³Π»Π°Π²Π΅, Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅: L. Kump et al., The Earth System, 3rd ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2009). Π ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ Β«Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΎ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅Β». Π Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ± ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Ρ , ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ², Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ.
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ΠΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π£ΠΎΡΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠΈΠ» ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Ρ (P. Ward, Out of Thin Air. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press, 2006). ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π·ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ: R. A. Berner, Β«Models for Carbon and Sulfur Cycles and Atmospheric Oxygen: Application to Paleozoic Geologic History,Β» American Journal of Science 287, no. 3 (1987): 177β90. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ° Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ: L. R. Kump, Β«Terrestrial Feedback in Atmospheric Oxygen Regulation by Fire and Phosphorus,Β» Nature 335 (1988): 152β54; L. R. Kump, Β«Alternative Modeling Approaches to the Geochemical Cycles of Carbon, Sulfur, and Strontium Isotopes,Β» American Journal of Science 289 (1989): 390β410; L. R. Kump, Β«Chemical Stability of the Atmosphere and Ocean,Β» Global and Planetary Change 75, no. 1β2 (1989): 123β36; L. R. Kump and R. M. Garrels, Β«Modeling Atmospheric O2 in the Global Sedimentary Redox Cycle,Β» American Journal of Science 286 (1986): 336β70.
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W. F. Ruddiman and J. E. Kutzbach, Β«Plateau Uplift and Climate Change,Β» Scientific American 264, no. 3 (1991): 66β74, and M. Kuhle, Β«The Pleistocene Glaciation of Tibet and the Onset of Ice Ages β An Autocycle Hypothesis,Β» Geojournal 17 (4) (1998): 581β95; M. Kuhle, Β«Tibet and High Asia: Results of the Sino-German Joint Expeditions (I),Β» Geojournal 17, no. 4 (1988).
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