Level 1 ADRs
As the quality ofβ¦β¦ information disseminated by Russian firms is rudimentary and confusing, the majority of companies issuing ADRs utilize the Level 1 program, which is the simplest method for a foreign company to gain access to the American capital market.
Level 1 ADRs tradeβ¦β¦. and consequently the issuing company isβ¦β¦.. fromβ¦β¦. with many of the reporting andβ¦β¦β¦ requirements set forth in the 1934 Securities Exchange Act. This exemption allows the foreign issuer to enjoy the benefits of aβ¦β¦ security while continuing to use the current financial reporting process. To issue a Level 1 ADR, a Russian company must do the following:
File its financial statements (utilizing current reporting methods rather than theβ¦β¦. standards) in English with theβ¦β¦., as well as provide information as requested to appropriate Russianβ¦β¦.. authorities.
β¦β¦ a standard contract with the issuing depository institution enumerating the rights and responsibilities of each party.
File aβ¦β¦β¦ registration statement with the SEC.
Level 2 and 3 ADRs
Level 2 and 3 ADR programs stipulate that a Russian firm should meet additional reporting requirements forβ¦β¦.. on NASDAQ or otherβ¦β¦. The Level 2 program envisages registration under the 1934 Securities Exchange Act, whereas the Level 3 program entails a full publicβ¦β¦.. with the concomitant reporting requirements, including three years of financial statements according to US GAAP standards and aβ¦β¦.. process similar to that essential for any USβ¦β¦ offering.
Rule 144A Private Placements
Rule 144A allows Russian firms toβ¦β¦ capital via privateβ¦β¦. toβ¦β¦.. institutional buyers (QIBs) while avoiding the high costs and extensive disclosure requirements essential for Level 2 and 3 programs. Once these unregistered securities are placed withβ¦β¦ purchasers, they may not be sold to the public for at least two years, although they may be sold to other qualified buyers.
Benefits of ADRs
The issue of American Depository Receipts has a number of advantages for both Russianβ¦β¦ and the investing public. Via an ADR, a Russian company may gain its first introduction to international capital markets while raising publicβ¦β¦. of the firm and reaching a much broader range of investors. An ADR issue will signal to the market that a firm actively seeks out and values Western investors, and is willing to work towards meeting internationalβ¦β¦.. of financial disclosure. Issue of an ADR can also increaseβ¦β¦. for a companyβs shares in the domestic market, while positively impacting the domestic share price.
Source: Capital Markets Report
Terms:
GAAP, offering, awareness, listing, surrenders, standards, liquidity, due dilligence, convert, Form 6, exempted, volatile, intra-market, qualified, publicly-traded, placements, OTC, community, SEC, holder, sophisticated, utility, depository, entity, custodian, issued, transaction, underlying, securities, agent, initiating, delivered, notifies, transfer, registrar, cancellation, cross-border, cancels, financial, compliance, disclosure, regulatory, execute, exchanges, public, eligible, issuers, raise, ADRs
Exercise 5. Translate into English.
Π ΠΡΡ-ΠΠΎΡΠΊ Π·Π° $300 ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ°ΡΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ
ΠΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· Π΄Π²Π° Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Β«ΠΠ°Π·ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Β» ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΊΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ Π² ΠΡΡ-ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅. ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Β«ΠΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΒ», ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ Π΄ΡΠΌΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½Π³ Π½Π° NYSE ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΡΡ ADR Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ Β«ΠΠ°Π·ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΒ» ΠΊ Π·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ β ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² $300 ΠΌΠ»ΡΠ΄, Π½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π΅Π΅ Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ.
Π ΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π³Ρ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π΄ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ» ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΠ΅Ρ Ρ ΡΠΆΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ (liquefied natural gas) Β«ΠΠ°Π·ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Β». ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Ρ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ± ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡ-ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΡΡ-ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ» Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Β«ΠΠ°Π·ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Β» ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΄Ρ ΠΠ΅Π΄Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π². ΠΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌ, Β«ΠΠ°Π·ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΒ» Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π» Π±Ρ Π²ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ Π±ΡΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΡΡ-ΠΠΎΡΠΊΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π±ΠΈΡΠΆΡ (NYSE) Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΡΡ -ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π»Π΅Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π»ΠΈΠ±Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ° Π΅Π΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ. Β«ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½, β ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΏ-ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²Π°, β Π·Π΄Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ°Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Β».
ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½Π³ Π½Π° NYSE, Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ΅ ADR Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ, ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ» ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠ΅Ρ Β«ΠΠ°Π·ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Β». ΠΠ½ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΡΡ ADR ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡΡΡ β ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΌ Π‘Π¨Π ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠDR Π² Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½Π³ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π±ΠΈΡΠΆ β NYSE, NASDAQ, AMEX. ΠΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠ΅Ρ Β«ΠΠ°Π·ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Β» ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π° NYSE ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ 5β10% Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ Β«ΠΠ°Π·ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Β». Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°Ρ 4,5% Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ADS Π½Π° ΠΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΡΠΆΠ΅. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Β«ΠΠ°Π·ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΒ» ΠΏΡΠΎΠΉΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π°, ΠΎΠ½ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, Π±ΡΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° NYSE. Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΠΠ’Π‘, Β«ΠΠΈΠΌΠΌ-ΠΠΈΠ»Π»Ρ-ΠΠ°Π½Π½Π°Β», Β«ΠΡΠΌΠΏΠ΅Π»ΠΠΎΠΌΠ°Β» ΠΈ Β«ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»Π°Β», Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ADR Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Β«Π ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Β» ΠΈ Β«Π’Π°ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠΈΒ».
Β«ΠΠ°Π·ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΒ» ΠΎΡΠ΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π° Π²ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π° NYSE Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Ρ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ADR-2 ΠΈ ADR-3, ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅ US GAAP, Π° Β«ΠΠ°Π·ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΒ» ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (IAS). Π ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ, Π±ΡΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° NYSE, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ SEC ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΊ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΌ. Π‘Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΠΉ ΠΠ»Π°Π·Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΡΠΎΠ½Π΄Π° Vostok Nafta Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠΌ, Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Ρ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π° Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠΌ Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠ· Ernst & Young Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°Π· ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Β«Π’Π°ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠΈΒ» Π·Π° 2003 Π³., ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ½Π° Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π° ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ NYSE ΠΈ SEC, ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ°Π»Π° Π½Π° 10%.
ΠΠ°Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π° ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Β«ΠΠ°Π·ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΒ» ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ³ΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ ΠΈΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π‘Π¨Π. Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΠ»Π°Π·Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠΉ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ½Π΄ Π‘Π¨Π CalPERS, ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ $180 ΠΌΠ»ΡΠ΄ ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ. Π ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π° Β«ΠΡΠΎΠ½Π°Β» Π‘ΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½ ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ½Π΄Ρ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ½Π΄Ρ Β«ΠΠ°Π·ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Β». Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡ ADS ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΡΠΆΠ΅. Π Β«ΠΠ°Π·ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΒ» ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΌΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ β ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ° ΠΡΡΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ²Π°, ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· 3β5 Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊ $300 ΠΌΠ»ΡΠ΄. Π ΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ Β«ΠΠ°Π·ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΒ» ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠ» ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ $94 ΠΌΠ»ΡΠ΄.
ΠΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠ΅Ρ Β«ΠΠ°Π·ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Β» ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Π½ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π±ΡΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈ Π² ADR-2. ΠΠ½ Π΄ΡΠΌΠ°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ Π² ADR Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ Π±Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Deutsche Bank ΠΈ ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° 40% ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΡ. ΠΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΠ€Π ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 4% Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΈ, Deutsche Bank ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 2% Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ Β«ΠΠ°Π·ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Β». ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΠ€Π Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ. Vostok Nafta, Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΉ 1,16% Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ Β«ΠΠ°Π·ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Β», ΠΌΠΎΠ³ Π±Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠΌΠ°Π³ Π² ADR Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ, Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΠ»Π°Π·Π΅Ρ.
ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ: ΠΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ, 05.09.05
Lesson 30
Fixed Income Securities
Read and translate the text and learn terms from the Essential Vocabulary.
A Stock Buyerβs Guide to Bond Investing
Some Bond Market Basics
As a stockholder, you are a part owner of a business, able to enjoy the unlimited upside potential β or downside risk β associated with a particular company. A bondholder, on the other hand, is a creditor, and bonds are known as debt securities.
When you purchase a bond, you are essentially lending money for a specific period of time, at a fixed rate of interest. Bonds are generally considered a more secure investment than stocks since bondholders have a senior claim to a companyβs assets in the event of a corporate restructuring.
Bonds are issued by both the public and private sector. The former includes the U.S. government, as well as state and local municipalities. The latter comprises both privately held and publicly traded corporations. Bonds are a reliable alternative to banks and other lenders who might demand less attractive financing terms than the capital markets are able to provide, such as a higher rate of interest. Ultimately, this cost saving benefits both taxpayers and shareholders by lowering the borrowerβs overall expenses.
Bonds are generally known as fixed-income securities since they pay a fixed rate of interest. As a result, falling interest rates make outstanding bonds more attractive, while conversely, rising interest rates cause fixed-income securities to lose principal value. Many investors like bonds because regardless of a bondβs fluctuating price during its lifetime, the principal of the bond is returned at face value when it matures.
Bonds of equal credit quality will generally provide investors with higher rates of return as maturity lengthens, since it is considered riskier to hold longer-dated securities than short-term instruments. Investors are also rewarded with progressively higher rates of return as credit quality declines to compensate for the additional risk.
Callable and Bullet Structures
Callable and bullet structures are common to most fixed-income securities. Bond issuers sell redeemable debt, known as callables, in order to give them the flexibility to purchase β or call β the bonds prior to maturity after a specified date. This makes good economic sense for the issuer in a falling interest rate environment since it then allows them to reissue the same amount of debt at a lower interest rate. However, if and when the securities are called, investors are handed back their original investment in cash and are faced with the less attractive option of reinvesting it in lower-yielding, higher-priced securities. This is known as reinvestment risk.
For investors determined to avoid reinvestment risk, noncallable bullets may be purchased. Bullets are bonds with a fixed maturity date and no call provisions. Though the rate of return on bullets will generally be lower than callable securities, the issuer cannot compel the bondholder to redeem the security prior to maturity.
Governments
The majority of public sector debt is issued by the federal government. The size of the market has rapidly contracted in recent years as the budget surplus continues to bolster buybacks of outstanding securities and promotes the reduction of new supply. Interest paid to holders of Government securities is exempt from state and local taxes.
Treasury Securities
Since the U.S. Treasury Department issues most government securities, bonds in this sector are commonly referred to as Treasuries. Given the remote possibility that the U.S. would ever default on its obligations, Treasuries are considered to be the safest of all fixed-income securities and serve as the benchmark utilized by bond investors .
The four most popular types of fixed-income securities issued by the U.S. Treasury are Bills, Notes, Bonds and TIPS (Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities). Bills have maturities of three months to one year, and are sold at a discount since the interest rate is equal to the difference between the purchase price and the principal amount an investor would receive at maturity (interest basically accrues to face value rather than being directly paid out to investors). Notes pay interest semi-annually and are issued in two-year, five-year and ten-year maturities. Bonds are issued with 30-year maturities and also pay semi-annual interest. TIPS provide bond investors with a hedge against inflation since they pay an interest rate that is periodically adjusted according to changes in the Consumer Price Index (CPI).