Exercise 2. Explain the meaning of the following terms: Β«labor intensiveΒ», Β«energy intensiveΒ», Β«capital intensiveΒ», Β«knowledge intensiveΒ» and Β«natural resource intensiveΒ». Make sentences of your own with each term.
Exercise 3*. Find terms in the text that match definitions given below and make sentences of your own with each term.
1. efficiencies associated with increasing or decreasing the scale of production
2. efficiencies associated with increasing or decreasing the scope of marketing and distribution
3. a company that manages production establishments located in different countries to produce same or similar products
4. the return of a portion of a commission or payment in accordance with a secret agreement
5. formal permission or authorization to do or forbear some act; a certificate of such permission
6. a corporation that manages production establishments located in at least two countries
7. of international commodity agreements, quantities of the commodity under consideration that contracting countries undertake to import, or quantities that exporting contracting countries undertake not to exceed
8. rigid or excessive routines and procedures causing delay or inaction, as in a bureaucracy
9. a company that manages production establishment in certain country/countries to produce products that serve as input to its production establishments in other country/ countries
Exercise 4. Describe pros and cons of MNCsβ activities in Russian economy using the words funding, investments, technology transfer, know-how, best practices, national sovereignty, relocation, corporate governance, labor costs, competitiveness, employment, wages and salaries, local content, education, fiscal discipline, corruption, environment protection, labor intensive, polluting enterprises, living standards, natural resources, transfer pricing, lobbying, multiplier effect, etc.
Exercise 5*. Fill in the blanks using terms given below.
Multinationals Say Russia Needs a Makeover
Russia needs to take better care of its image abroad if it wants to compete for foreign investment with otherβ¦β¦β¦ like China and India, senior executives from leadingβ¦β¦. said Monday.
The government should figure out how to bring its often negative image into line with the more positive reality ofβ¦β¦.. in Russia, said a number of members of the Foreign Investment Advisory Committee.
FIAC is a forum that for the past decade has been bringing togetherβ¦β¦.. with the leaders of 25 large, long-standing investors, including BP, Nestle, ExxonMobil and Deutsche Bank.
Β«Other regions of the world, China especially, have become favored destinations for investment,Β» said Jim Turley, chairman of Ernst & Young Global, whoβ¦β¦.FIAC with Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov.
Last year, Russia received a mere $6.8 billion inβ¦β¦β¦, compared to Chinaβs $53.5 billion, according to Renaissance Capital.
FIAC also made some more expected recommendations, calling on the government to continueβ¦β¦β¦., bring stability to theβ¦β¦β¦ and improve tax and accounting practices.
Participants singled out the need for Russia to clamp down on excessiveβ¦β¦. if it wants to compete for investment.
But for the first time in its 10-year history, FIAC created a specialβ¦β¦. dedicated toβ¦β¦ Russiaβs image.
Β«Russia needs to put forward its ownβ¦β¦ better,Β» said Ralph Kugler, president of Unilever.
Countries like China and India Β«might have lowerβ¦β¦.,Β» Kugler said. Β«Russia, on the other hand, might have a higher standard ofβ¦β¦..Β»
Β«There was a generalβ¦β¦.. between the foreign investors and the government about the fact that the perception of Russia didnβt align with the reality of theβ¦β¦.. in Russia β and that that perception needed to be moved,Β» said Grant Winterton, Coca-Colaβs general manager for Russia.
The final communique also recommended that the government complete a plan to spreadβ¦β¦.. among foreign investors that political and economic risk is dropping.
Not all theβ¦β¦ gathered in the President Hotel agreed that a government-runβ¦β¦ offensive is what Russia needs, however.
Β«So manyβ¦β¦ are missed because of the wrong perception from abroad,Β» said Michel Perhirin, chairman of the board at Raiffeisenbank. But, he added, Β«I donβt believe a mediaβ¦β¦ could be extremely effective.Β»
A few FIAC members suggested that the countryβs image is not the key toβ¦β¦ investment.
John Barry, president of Shell in Russia said Shell is pushing government regulators to implementβ¦.. reforms that will help facilitateβ¦β¦ oil drilling farther afield from cheaper, more accessibleβ¦β¦..
Other participants said that the government has indeed been improving its dialogue with the foreign businessβ¦β¦
Β«Particularly these last few years, under President (Vladimir) Putin, weβve had superiorβ¦β¦ from government at (FIAC) meetings,Β» said senior vice president of United Technologies Corp., Ruth Harkin.
Established in 1994 as aβ¦.. for foreign investors and government officials to share investment concerns, FIAC has had a bigβ¦β¦ in pushing a number of reforms.
Recently, FIAC members helped the government rework theβ¦.. Code and corporate taxation.
FIAC meets annually to discuss pendingβ¦β¦ and its effect on foreign investment.
Source: Moscow Times, September 28, 2004 (abridged)
Terms:
FDI, opportunities, representation, media, Customs, legislation, developing countries, red tape, awareness, community, consensus, education, multinationals, impact, doing business, venue, government officials, co-chairs, tax, administrative reform, banking system, locations, boosting, strengths, labor costs, investment climate, executives, campaign, attracting, capital intensive, working group
Exercise 6. Translate into English.
Π¦Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°: ΠΡΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠ°
ΠΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π° Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π»Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π²ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π² ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ. Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π°ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Ρ-ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ. ΠΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΠ½ΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠΈΠ±Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΠ’Π, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡ . ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ, Π·Π° ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π²Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ.
ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π² Π΄Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ , ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³: Π½Π΅Π»ΡΠ·Ρ Π·Π°Π±ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΠ’Π‘ ΠΈ Β«ΠΡΠΌΠΏΠ΅Π»ΠΠΎΠΌΒ» Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°Π½Ρ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΌ, ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ DT ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΠΆΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ Telenor.
Π‘Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ½Π΅Π΅ Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈ: ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Ρ Π³ΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ², Π° Π² ΡΡΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏ ΠΊ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ°. Π Π²ΡΠ΅-ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π° Π² ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½. ΠΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Ρ-ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ° Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π΅ΠΉ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, Π° Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ. ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ Ρ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΈ, Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»Ρ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ β Statoil ΠΈ Norsk Hydro, Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ Π³ΡΠ°Π½Π΄Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ . ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ²ΠΎΠΊ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΡ, Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ.
ΠΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π° Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π±Ρ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ Π² ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ , Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π±Π΅. Π Π΅ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π²ΠΈΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ. Π₯ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Ρ Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ EADS, ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ Π±Ρ Π½Π°Π»Π°Π΄ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ.
ΠΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π° Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΈΠ³ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ, Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ β BP ΠΈ ConocoPhillips β ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡ Π½Π°Π·Π°Π΄ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π±Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ, Π΄ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΉΠ΄Π΅Ρ, ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Π² ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π²Π·Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ IPO Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ Β«Π ΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠΈΒ», ΠΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ³Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ°, Β«ΠΠ°ΠΌΠΠΠ°Β» ΠΈ ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π°.
ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ: Π‘. Π‘ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ², Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°
ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΠ°Π·ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ, 26.09.05
Lesson 26
Foreign Trade
Read and translate the text and learn terms from the Essential Vocabulary.
The Basics of Foreign Trade
Free Trade Vs. Protectionism
All governments regulate foreign trade. The extent to which they do so is a matter of great controversy and debate. Although the amount of government involvement in trade varies from country to country and product to product, overall barriers to trade have been lowered since World War II.
Arguments for Protection
β Cheap labor: Less developed countries have a natural cost advantage as labor costs in those economies are low. They can produce goods less expensively than developed economies and their goods are more competitive in international markets.
β Infant industries: Protectionists argue that infant industries must be protected to give them time to grow and become strong enough to compete internationally, especially industries that may be a foundation for future growth, e.g. computers and telecommunications.
β National security concerns: Any industry crucial to national security, such as producers of military hardware, should be protected.
β Diversification of the economy: If a country channels all its resources into a few industries, no matter how internationally competitive those industries are, it runs the risk of becoming too dependent on them. Keeping weaker industries competitive through protection may help in diversifying the nationβs economy.