All process improvement efforts require a sound methodology andβ¦β¦, and benchmarking is no different. You need to:
1. Setβ¦β¦. and define theβ¦β¦. of your efforts
2. Gainβ¦β¦. from your organization
3. Select a benchmarkingβ¦β¦.
4β¦β¦. benchmarking partners
5. Gather information (researchβ¦β¦., benchmarking visits)
6. Distill the learning
7. Select ideas toβ¦β¦.
8β¦β¦
9. Implement
There are essentially three types of benchmarking: strategic, data-based, and process-based benchmarking. They differ depending on the type of information you are trying to gather. Strategic Benchmarking looks at theβ¦.. companies use toβ¦β¦ Benchmarking to ensure improvements in business process performance generallyβ¦β¦.. on uncovering how well other companiesβ¦β¦.. in comparison with you and others, and how theyβ¦β¦ this performance. This is the focus of Data-based and Process-based Benchmarking.
Benchmarking can be fraught with potential problemsβ¦β¦.. from simpleβ¦β¦.. to serious legal problems. To minimize the likelihood of these types of difficulties, we strongly recommend you to follow Benchmarkingβs Golden Rule: treat your partner and their information the way youβd like them to treat you and yours.
Source: www.isixsigma.com
Terms:
achieve, compete, identify, pilot, focuses, competitive, support, one-off, ranging, industry, measure, scope, performance, misunderstanding, superior, implementation, surveys, apply, strategic management, approach, evaluate, develop, references, adopt, challenge, data, design, objectives, implement, strategies, perform
Exercise 4. Translate into English.
Π€ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΏΠΏ ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Ρ: Β«ΠΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π°Β»
β ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΡ Π»Π΅Ρ? ΠΠ΅Π΄Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ, ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π»Π΅Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π·Π°Π΄.
β ΠΠ° ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π» ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Β«ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΒ». ΠΡΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π»ΠΎ Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΌΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ. Π‘ΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌΡ. ΠΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡ β ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ Β«ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΆΠΈΒ» β Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π»ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ, ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π»Ρ. Π’ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡ, ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡ Β«ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈΒ», ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΆΠ°ΠΌ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π½Π΅ Π½Π° Π²Π΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅, Π° Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°. Π, Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡ β ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡ Β«ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΒ». ΠΠ½Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°.
β Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π»ΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π° Β«ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³Β»? ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ?
β ΠΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅ Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΆΠΈ. Π ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ. ΠΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎ: Β«ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ β ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΡ, ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ²ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈΒ».
β ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π°. Π£ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Π΅Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², Π° ΠΎΡ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ. Π ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π»ΠΈ Π·Π΄Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π° ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ?
β ΠΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·Ρ ΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΡΠΏΠΊΡ Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ, ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠΊΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π²Π·ΡΡΠΊΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π΅Ρ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΡΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ±ΡΡΠΊΠΈ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΡΠΈΡ β ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π°, ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΆ. Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠ°ΠΌ, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΡΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅Π³Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ², Π½Π΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
β ΠΠ°ΠΊ Π²Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π» ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π°? ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π² Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ?
β Π― ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π» ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ±Π°Ρ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Ρ-ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ , ΠΊΡΠΎ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ, β ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π°, Π²Π΅Π΄Ρ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π·Π°Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΎ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ. Π ΡΠΎΠΆΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎ Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π» ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π°. ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ, ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ². Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π» ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π° Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½, Π° Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ Π·Π°Π±ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π° Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ P (promotion), Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ β product, price, place, promotion (ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡ, ΡΠ΅Π½Π°, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅).
β ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π΅? Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅Ρ-ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ, Π° ΡΡΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎ-Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅?
β ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Β«ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π° ΠΏΠΎ Π±Π°Π·Π°ΠΌ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Β» (database marketing), Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Β«ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΒ» (customer relationship marketing, CRM). ΠΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΆ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π° Π±Π΅Π· ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Β«ΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ», ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ° Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΠΌΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ.
ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ: ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ Β«ΠΠ΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π³Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠ΅Β» 03.11.2003. www.6n.ru
Lesson 9
Strategic Management Models
Read and translate the text and learn terms from the Essential Vocabulary.
The BCG Growth-Share Matrix
The BCG Growth-Share Matrix is a portfolio-planning model developed by Bruce Henderson of the Boston Consulting Group in the early 1970s. It is based on the product life-cycle theory that can be used to determine what priorities should be given in the product portfolio of a business unit. To ensure long-term value creation, a company should have a portfolio of products that contains both high-growth products in need of cash inputs and low-growth products that generate a lot of cash.
The matrix proceeds from the assumption that a companyβs business units can be classified into four categories based on combinations of market growth and market share relative to the largest competitor, hence the name Β«growth-shareΒ». Market growth serves as a proxy for industry attractiveness, and relative market share serves as a proxy for competitive advantage. The growth-share matrix maps the business unitsβ positions within these two important determinants of profitability.
This framework assumes that an increase in relative market share will result in an increase in the generation of cash. This assumption often is true because of the experience curve; increased relative market share implies that the firm is moving forward on the experience curve relative to its competitors, thus developing a cost advantage. A second assumption is that a growing market requires investment in assets to increase capacity and therefore results in the consumption of cash. Thus the position of a business on the growth-share matrix provides an indication of its cash generation and its cash consumption.
The cash required by rapidly growing business units could be obtained from the firmβs other business units that were at a more mature stage and generating significant cash. By investing to become the market share leader in a rapidly growing market, the business unit could move along the experience curve and develop a cost advantage. From this reasoning, the BCG Growth-Share Matrix was born.
The four categories of the matrix are:
Dogs. Dogs have a low market share and a low growth rate and thus neither generate nor consume a large amount of cash. However, dogs are cash traps because of the money tied up in a business that has little potential. Such businesses are candidates for divestiture.
Question Marks. Question Marks are growing rapidly and thus consume large amounts of cash, but because they have low market shares they do not generate much cash. A question mark has the potential to gain market share and become a star, and eventually a cash cow when the market growth slows. If the question mark does not succeed in becoming the market leader, then after years of cash consumption it will degenerate into a dog when the market growth declines. Question marks must be analyzed carefully in order to determine whether they are worth the investment required to grow market share.
Stars. Stars generate large amounts of cash because of their strong relative market share, but also consume large amounts of cash because of their high growth rates; therefore the cash in each direction approximately nets out. If a star can maintain its large market share, it will become a cash cow when the market growth rate declines. The portfolio of a diversified company always should have stars that will become the next cash cows and ensure future cash generation.
Cash Cows. As leaders in a mature market, cash cows exhibit a return on assets that is greater than the market growth rate, and thus generate more cash than they consume. Such business units should be Β«milkedΒ», extracting the profits and investing as little cash as possible. Cash cows provide the cash required to turn question marks into market leaders, to cover the administrative costs of the company, to fund R&D, to service the corporate debt, and to pay dividends to shareholders. Because the cash cow generates a relatively stable cash flow, its value can be accurately determined by calculating the present value of its cash stream using a discounted cash flow analysis.
Under the growth-share matrix model, as an industry matures and its growth rate declines, a business unit will become either a cash cow or a dog, determined solely by whether it had become the market leader during the period of high growth.