Π‘ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ·ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π°Π»Π»ΡΠ·ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ Π±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π±Ρ ΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π²Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ. Π Ρ ΠΎΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΈΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΌΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ Β«ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΊΡΒ» Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ΠΉ. Π Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅ΠΌ Π·Π΄Π΅ΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ, ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ, Π° Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ, ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ΄Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΠ·ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ, ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌ. Π§ΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ, Π²ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»Π°. ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°-ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ Π‘. ΠΡΠ»Π³Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° Π² ΠΎΠΏΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌ[502]. Π ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ Ρ ΠΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Π» ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Ρ. ΠΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅, Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ½ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, β ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ Π² Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ Π½Π΅ Π½Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ.
Π‘Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»Ρ, ΠΌΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΎ ΠΠΎΠ³Π΅, ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅ Π₯ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅, ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ³Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΡΡΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π°Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°, Π½ΠΎ ΠΊ ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π‘ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±Π°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ,
ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ (Π‘ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ), Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΡΡΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π² Π΄Π²ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ-Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°Ρ , Π ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ½Π° Π²ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΅, ΠΈΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅Π· Ρ ΡΡΠ½Π΄Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ β ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΎΠ³Π΅. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΎΠ·Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ³ΡΠ±ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠΎ Π·Π΄Π΅ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ΅. ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ, Π² ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ½Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Ρ, ΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈ, Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡ ΡΠΌΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΌΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π±ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ½ΡΡ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎ-Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°, ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠΈΡΡΡ Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΌΡ, Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΠΎ Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΅Π΅ Π² ΡΡΠ³ΡΠ±ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ± Π΅Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½Π΅Ρ, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ, Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»Π°. ΠΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡ Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π² ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π»ΡΡ "ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ", Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π» Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π£ΡΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡ Π‘ΠΎΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉΠ½ΡΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ² ΠΎ. ΠΡΠ»Π³Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ, ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΡ ΠΠ½ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π₯ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ-Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊ. Π£ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ. ΠΡΠ»Π³Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠΈ Π² 1936 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΡΒ» (ΠΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ³ΠΈΠΉ Π¦. Π΄Π΅ ΠΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎ. ΠΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΠ΅Ρ. Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠ°Π½. ΠΠ°Π΄ΡΠΈΠ΄, 1962. Π‘. 56β57).
Π₯Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΡ Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΊΡΠΎ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π» Π±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅, ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° Π½Π° Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»Π°. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΡ Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π² Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π° Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ , Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎ-Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ. Π ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Β«ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Β» ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ Π‘ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ β ΡΡΠΎ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°-ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΡ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎ-Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎ-ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Β«ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²Β», Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π·Π°ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»Π° Π²ΠΈΠ΄ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠΉ Π² ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ.
ΠΠΎΠ·Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½ Π²Π°Π½ ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»
Sophia and sobornostβ²: cement and organizing principle of Orthodox society
Secular sociology and religious sophiology both developed in the slipstream of the rise of the social question in the 19th century. This paper compares the basic features of these two alternative rationalizations of the social in the cases of Max Weber, one of the founding fathers of modern secular sociology, and of Sergei Bulgakov who continued Vladimir SolovβΓ«vβ²s social philosophy and sophiology.[503] The first paragraph demonstrates that both sociology and sophiology were reflections on β²modernityβ² or on life in the modern world and addressed similar questions.[504] Sociology, however, only gave a description of the factual state of society, whereas sophiology intended to give a picture of the good state of society as well.
The second paragraph explores the meaning of Sophia, the Wisdom of God (Premudrostβ² Bozhiia), in the sophiologies of SolovβΓ«v and Bulgakov. SolovβΓ«vβ²s interpretation of love in Smyslβ² liubvi,[505] is contrasted to the alternative Orthodox view of Lev Tolstoi.[506] This part analyzes SolovβΓ«vβ²s interpretation of the love that is and ought to be the cement of Christian society and will demonstrate that sobornostβ² [507]for SolovβΓ«v is the main characteristic of the type of organization of this Christian society as Orthodox Church community. Tolstoiβ²s contrasting view and ethics, according to Max Weber, was typical of Christianity as a salvation religion with its attitude of world denial. Weber identified the Christian ethic proceeding from this acosmic standpoint with the Ideal type of the ethic of brotherliness.[508]
The third paragraph addresses the tasks of Bulgakovβ²s sophiology, Bulgakov developed SolovβΓ«vβ²s sophiology as a Christian sociology, in continuous reference to the contemporary secular sociology in Germany, and in particular with the sociology of Max Weber. Sophiology, according to Bulgakov, is not secular, but Christian sociology and it is an essential part of bogoslovle or theology. In the concluding part, the agreement or disagreement of the contemporary official social conception of the Russian Orthodox Church[509] with both Tolstoiβ²s social teaching and the sophiological views of SolovβΓ«v and Bulgakov is evaluated. The Osnovy do not mention Sophia or the names of the Russian sophiologists[510] and in some respects seem to side more with Tolstoiβ²s conception of the Christian attitude to the world as world denial, but in other and more important respects seem to express positions compatible with sophiology
1. The social question and the rise of sociology and sophiologyβ²
The social question was raised because of the increase of human need and suffering in the lowest social classes, but it enhanced also the recognition of the differentiation of polity or state and society or b rgerllche Gesellschaft (civic or civil society).[511] The social question in fact was already the articulation of a relatively autonomous or self-conscious social sphere that could oppose itself to the state sphere,
A similar differentiation at the same time is apparent in the development of political economy from Staatswissenschaft, the science of β and on behalf of β the state, into Soziologie as an autonomous social science, This development took place during the lifetime of Max Weber, who was a champion for the theoretical independence of sociology from political science. Weber developed the concept of Wertfreiheit in science β or the freedom from other than scientific values in science β to ascertain this independence. This was not only Wertfreiheit of science from politics, but also from the dominance of rules, methods and ends of other life spheres, e.g. of religion, law, art and education, in the sphere of science. The Wertfreiheit of sociology according to Weber guaranteed the objectivity of the results of sociological research.[512] In fact, the Wertfreiheit of science is a logical consequence of Weberβ²s conception of history as an increasing rationalization of and differentiation into various life spheres that have their own Eigengesetzlichkeit or autonomy
The social question not only provoked the recognition of the factual differentiation of political and civil society, and the analogous differentiation of political and social science, but it also produced new articulations of the β²good lifeβ². Since Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, the good life had been the central question of political philosophy, as it was the most important task of the polity as the Greek polis. In Aristotleβ²s analysis of the telos (end) of various political organizations, from oikos (or house community) to village to polis (city-state), the last and biggest entity had the task to provide for the good life of the population of the polis. The actions of the state or polis only had legitimacy because of its telos to provide for the good life.[513]
In traditional societies, religion answered the question of the good life, Weber demonstrated in his Zwischenbetrachtung the possible tensions between the political and the religious life spheres, that proceed from the fact that both are essentially engaged in β²giving meaningβ².[514] In the 19th century, politicians and autocratic rulers of the nation-states had secured the exclusive right to answer the question of the good life for its population and territory, and to install the rules and use the force necessary to direct society to this end. It was exactly this exclusive right of the polity to determine the telos of society that raising the social question challenged.
Because of his scientific principle of the autonomy or Eigengesetzlichkeit of every life sphere, Max Weber did not challenge the political sphere in his sociology He restricted sociology to the description of β²the socialβ² in terms of social actions and associations, and consciously kept all normative questions about the good society or the good social actions or associations out of sociology. Sociology should not prescribe any ideal of the good life of society, as it would transgress its competence in doing so. Science cannot decide between good and evil.[515] Apart from this, according to Weber, social actions do not always have the intended result: sociology cannot predict the future, but can only describe ideal-typical rational possibilities.