Π§ΠΈΡ‚Π°ΠΉΡ‚Π΅ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½ Π½Π° Bookidrom.ru! БСсплатныС ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅

Π§ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΠ½Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½ «Бофиология». Π‘Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ†Π° 48

Автор Π‘Π±ΠΎΡ€Π½ΠΈΠΊ статСй

БмСшСния библСйских ΠΈ мифоязычСских аллюзий ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ Π±Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ, Ссли Π±Ρ‹ ΠΌΡ‹ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡŒ ΠΊ АвСринцСву ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊ богослову. И хотя Π΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄Π½ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π² тСологичСской нСкомпСтСнтности, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ ΠΆΠ΅ Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄Π½ΠΎ традиционалистски ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ христианскому сознанию, мыслящСму ΠΎ библСйских рСалиях ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ библСйскими катСгориями, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Β«ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒΒ» Π΅Π³ΠΎ тСорСтичСских пассаТСй. И лишь ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΌΡ‹ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅ΠΌ здСсь Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ Π½Π΅ с ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ лишь строго монистичСским, тСоцСнтричСски ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ дискурсивным пространством догматичСского богословия, Π° с дискурсом философским, ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡˆΠ°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΡƒΠ΄Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ с ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ нСоязычСством ΠΈ ΡƒΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Ρ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ, Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ сСкуляризмом, расставляСт всС ΠΏΠΎ своим мСстам. Π§Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ богослову, Π²ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅ допустимо для Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡ„ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»Π°. Когда-Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ смСшСниС богословия с философиСй поставило Π‘. Π‘ΡƒΠ»Π³Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° Π² ΠΎΠΏΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡŽ ΠΊ православным богословам[502]. Π’ случаС с АвСринцСвым ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π²Ρ‹Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π»ΠΎ со стороны послСдних Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅Π³Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Π΅Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΡƒ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Π» ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ сообщСству. ЕдинствСнноС, Π² Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡƒΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΊΠ½ΡƒΡ‚ΡŒ ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, β€“ это Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ софиологичСскиС тСксты с присущим ΠΈΠΌ богатством ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΡ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ Π² Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ случаС Π½Π΅ нСсут Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ‰Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π° для истинно христианского сознания.

БвСтскиС ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»Ρ‹, мыслящиС прСимущСствСнно сСкулярными катСгориями, Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Ρ€Π°ΡΡΡƒΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡŽΡ‚ ΠΎ Π‘ΠΎΠ³Π΅, Π‘ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΈ, Π˜ΠΈΡΡƒΡΠ΅ Π₯ристС, ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ Π²ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ³Ρ€ΠΎΠΉ мысли, изящными Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ построСниями, Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ языка ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΠΌΠΈ достоинствами авСринцСвского дискурса, Π½ΠΎ ΠΊ ΡƒΠ³Π»ΡƒΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ библСйского понимания Π‘ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π²Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ†ΠΈΠΈ Π‘ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ прСмудрости Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ счСтом Π½ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±Π°Π²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚,

ΠšΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ стратСгия гипостазирования Π‘ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ прСмудрости (Π‘ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠΈ), характСрная для русской Ρ€Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎ-философской мысли, прСдстаСт Π² Π΄Π²ΡƒΡ… сСмантичСски-аксиологичСских ракурсах, Π’ свСтС библСйского богословия ΠΎΠ½Π° выглядит ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π΅Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ нСдопустимоС, ΠΈΠ΄ΡƒΡ‰Π΅Π΅ Π²Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π΅Π· с Ρ„ΡƒΠ½Π΄Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ библСйскими основополоТСниями, с догматичСским богословиСм ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΏΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ – ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π‘ΠΎΠ³Π΅. Если ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΡŒ Π½Π° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π³ΠΈΡŽ сквозь ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡƒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² сугубо философской дискурсивности, Ρ‚ΠΎ здСсь всС выглядит нСсколько ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‡Π΅. Как извСстно, философия, Π² ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π³ΠΎΡ€Π°Π·Π΄ΠΎ большСй ΡΡ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡŒΡŽ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ свободы. Она Π½Π΅ привязана, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ пСрвая, ΠΊ Ρ€Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎ-Ρ†Π΅Ρ€ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΡƒ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ сСбС достаточно смСлыС ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Π²ΠΈΡ€Π°ΠΆΠΈ, Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ‚ΡŒ Π΄ΠΎ самых ΡƒΠΌΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΌΡ€Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… бросков Π² ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ мСтафизичСскиС Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ‹. Если ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ€ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ ΡΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡŽ Π² сСмантичСскиС ΠΈ цСнностно-Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡ€Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ классичСского библСйско-христианского интСртСкста, Ρ‚ΠΎ сразу ΠΆΠ΅ обнаруТится Π΅Π΅ Ρ‡ΡƒΠΆΠ΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ послСднСму, Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ дСвиантная ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°. Но Ссли Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π΅Π΅ Π² сугубо философском, мСтафизичСском ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅, Ρ‚ΠΎ вопрос ΠΎΠ± Π΅Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ лСгитимности Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½Π΅Ρ‚, оправдания всСго творСния ΠΈ, вСроятно, самого дьявола. Π—Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π’Π»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡ€ БоловьСв Ρ‚ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ вСсьма прСдавался "софиологии", Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π» Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ богословского значСния. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ слСдуСт ΠΎΡ‚ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π² России Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ соборов посвящСно УспСнию Π‘ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠœΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡƒΡΡΡŒ Бофийскими. Π’ΠΎ всяком случаС, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ богослов ΠΎ. Π‘ΡƒΠ»Π³Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ² рассматриваСтся ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ, ΠΈ особСнно Π·Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹ΠΌ богословом русского ΠŸΡ€Π°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΡ АнтониСм Π₯Ρ€Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ†ΠΊΠΈΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρƒ-Π΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊ, Ссли Π½Π΅ прямо Π΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊ. Π£Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚. Π‘ΡƒΠ»Π³Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° Π²ΠΎ всСй Π΅Π³ΠΎ совокупности Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ осуТдСно ΡƒΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ Московской ΠŸΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Ρ€Ρ…ΠΈΠΈ Π² 1936 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΒ» (Π“Π΅ΠΎΡ€Π³ΠΈΠΉ Π¦. Π΄Π΅ Π’ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΡΡ€Π΄ΠΎ. Π”ΡƒΡ… русского христианства. ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€. с ΠΈΡΠΏΠ°Π½. ΠœΠ°Π΄Ρ€ΠΈΠ΄, 1962. Π‘. 56–57).

Π₯Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ эпоха ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Ρ€Π½Π° прСдоставила всСм, ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎ Ρ…ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π» Π±Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ свои силы Π½Π° мСтафизичСском ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‰Π΅, самыС ΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΅ возмоТности, Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ‚ΡŒ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π° Π½Π° Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ ΠΊΡ€Π°ΠΉΠ½ΠΈΡ… проявлСний ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»Π°. Основания для этого прСдоставила ΡΠΏΠΎΡ…Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ° сСкуляризации, Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Π²ΡˆΠ°ΡΡΡ Π² Π½Π΅ΡƒΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Ρ€Π°ΡΡˆΠΈΡ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ дискурсивного пространства Π·Π° счСт стирания Ρ‚Π΅Ρ… сСмантичСских, аксиологичСских ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π³Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ†, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ классичСскиС библСйско-христианскиС тСксты Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΠΎΡ‚ всСго Ρ‡ΡƒΠΆΠ΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ. Π’ этом ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ «сСрСбряно-Π²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Β» ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ Π‘ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠΈ – это Π² Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ дитя процСсса сСкуляризма-ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°. Π–Π°ΠΆΠ΄Π° свободы ΠΎΡ‚ библСйско-богословско-Ρ†Π΅Ρ€ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΈΡ… сСмантичСских Β«ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²Β», Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° заявившая ΠΎ сСбС Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ многочислСнных Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ„ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ СрСсСй, Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†ΠΎΠ² приняла Π²ΠΈΠ΄ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π΅Π½ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΈ стала Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠΉ Π² философском дискурсС новСйшСго Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ.

Π™ΠΎΠ·Π΅Ρ„ΠΈΠ½ Π²Π°Π½ КСссСл 

Sophia and sobornostβ€²: cement and organizing principle of Orthodox society

Introduction

Secular sociology and religious sophiology both developed in the slipstream of the rise of the social question in the 19th century. This paper compares the basic features of these two alternative rationalizations of the social in the cases of Max Weber, one of the founding fathers of modern secular sociology, and of Sergei Bulgakov who continued Vladimir Solov’ëvβ€²s social philosophy and sophiology.[503] The first paragraph demonstrates that both sociology and sophiology were reflections on β€²modernityβ€² or on life in the modern world and addressed similar questions.[504] Sociology, however, only gave a description of the factual state of society, whereas sophiology intended to give a picture of the good state of society as well.

The second paragraph explores the meaning of Sophia, the Wisdom of God (Premudrostβ€² Bozhiia), in the sophiologies of Solov’ëv and Bulgakov. Solov’ëvβ€²s interpretation of love in Smyslβ€² liubvi,[505] is contrasted to the alternative Orthodox view of Lev Tolstoi.[506] This part analyzes Solov’ëvβ€²s interpretation of the love that is and ought to be the cement of Christian society and will demonstrate that sobornostβ€² [507]for Solov’ëv is the main characteristic of the type of organization of this Christian society as Orthodox Church community. Tolstoiβ€²s contrasting view and ethics, according to Max Weber, was typical of Christianity as a salvation religion with its attitude of world denial. Weber identified the Christian ethic proceeding from this acosmic standpoint with the Ideal type of the ethic of brotherliness.[508]

The third paragraph addresses the tasks of Bulgakovβ€²s sophiology, Bulgakov developed Solov’ëvβ€²s sophiology as a Christian sociology, in continuous reference to the contemporary secular sociology in Germany, and in particular with the sociology of Max Weber. Sophiology, according to Bulgakov, is not secular, but Christian sociology and it is an essential part of bogoslovle or theology. In the concluding part, the agreement or disagreement of the contemporary official social conception of the Russian Orthodox Church[509] with both Tolstoiβ€²s social teaching and the sophiological views of Solov’ëv and Bulgakov is evaluated. The Osnovy do not mention Sophia or the names of the Russian sophiologists[510] and in some respects seem to side more with Tolstoiβ€²s conception of the Christian attitude to the world as world denial, but in other and more important respects seem to express positions compatible with sophiology

1. The social question and the rise of sociology and sophiology

β€²

The social question was raised because of the increase of human need and suffering in the lowest social classes, but it enhanced also the recognition of the differentiation of polity or state and society or b rgerllche Gesellschaft (civic or civil society).[511] The social question in fact was already the articulation of a relatively autonomous or self-conscious social sphere that could oppose itself to the state sphere,

A similar differentiation at the same time is apparent in the development of political economy from Staatswissenschaft, the science of – and on behalf of – the state, into Soziologie as an autonomous social science, This development took place during the lifetime of Max Weber, who was a champion for the theoretical independence of sociology from political science. Weber developed the concept of Wertfreiheit in science – or the freedom from other than scientific values in science – to ascertain this independence. This was not only Wertfreiheit of science from politics, but also from the dominance of rules, methods and ends of other life spheres, e.g. of religion, law, art and education, in the sphere of science. The Wertfreiheit of sociology according to Weber guaranteed the objectivity of the results of sociological research.[512] In fact, the Wertfreiheit of science is a logical consequence of Weberβ€²s conception of history as an increasing rationalization of and differentiation into various life spheres that have their own Eigengesetzlichkeit or autonomy

The social question not only provoked the recognition of the factual differentiation of political and civil society, and the analogous differentiation of political and social science, but it also produced new articulations of the β€²good lifeβ€². Since Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, the good life had been the central question of political philosophy, as it was the most important task of the polity as the Greek polis. In Aristotleβ€²s analysis of the telos (end) of various political organizations, from oikos (or house community) to village to polis (city-state), the last and biggest entity had the task to provide for the good life of the population of the polis. The actions of the state or polis only had legitimacy because of its telos to provide for the good life.[513]

In traditional societies, religion answered the question of the good life, Weber demonstrated in his Zwischenbetrachtung the possible tensions between the political and the religious life spheres, that proceed from the fact that both are essentially engaged in β€²giving meaningβ€².[514] In the 19th century, politicians and autocratic rulers of the nation-states had secured the exclusive right to answer the question of the good life for its population and territory, and to install the rules and use the force necessary to direct society to this end. It was exactly this exclusive right of the polity to determine the telos of society that raising the social question challenged.

Because of his scientific principle of the autonomy or Eigengesetzlichkeit of every life sphere, Max Weber did not challenge the political sphere in his sociology He restricted sociology to the description of β€²the socialβ€² in terms of social actions and associations, and consciously kept all normative questions about the good society or the good social actions or associations out of sociology. Sociology should not prescribe any ideal of the good life of society, as it would transgress its competence in doing so. Science cannot decide between good and evil.[515] Apart from this, according to Weber, social actions do not always have the intended result: sociology cannot predict the future, but can only describe ideal-typical rational possibilities.