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Π‘ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡ: ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ Π»ΠΎΠΌΠΊΠΎΠΉ X-Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ, ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°-ΠΠ΅Π»Π»Π°, ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ fra-X. (ΠΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»Π΅Π΅ β ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌ. ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π².)
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Π£ΠΌΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡ (mental age β MA) β Π±Π°Π»Π», ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ; ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° MA ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ, Π° ΠΊ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ° ΡΡΠ° Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ Π±Π΅ΡΡΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ; Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ Π΄Π²ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ MA ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΌΠ° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅Π²Π°Π΅Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ IQ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ° ΠΊ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ, ΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π° 100.
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Π‘ΠΈΠΌΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ° β ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² (Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΊ β Π² ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ).
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ΠΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ β Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³Π΅Π½Π°. ΠΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ β Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π², ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π³Π΅Π½ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ°.
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ΠΠ°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠΌΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈ- ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΈ.
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ΠΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ.
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ΠΡΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ β ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌ.
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ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (theory of mind) β ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ΅Π·Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ², ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π² Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅. Π Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°: ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ.
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Β«Π‘ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ·Β» β ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Ρ ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠΉ.
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Π’Π΅ΡΡ Β«Π₯Π°Π½ΠΎΠΉΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π±Π°ΡΠ½ΡΒ» Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΌ β ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ° Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ Π»Π΅Π²ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΡ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° (Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΎΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊ ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΈ). ΠΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ: ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Ρ Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊ ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅Π²Π°ΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΡ, Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΡ, Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΆΠ΅ Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°.
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ΠΠ°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ β ΡΡΠ΄ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ.
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Π’Π΅ΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ: ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊ Ρ Π΄Π²ΡΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ β Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ», Π² Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ β ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ. ΠΠ° ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ Π»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊ, ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊ Π»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΡ. ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΅ΠΌΡ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ: Β«ΠΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π» Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π΅. Π¨Π°ΡΠΈΠΊ Π² ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ½ Π½Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π». ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΎΠ½ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊ?Β» ΠΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π½Π° Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°ΡΡ. Π’.Π΅. ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈ (Π² Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ β ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌ, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΎΠ½ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»), Π° Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ. Π’ΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ Sodian ΠΈ Frith (1992), ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ±Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ.