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ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π³Π»ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ
ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°, β ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ: ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ. (ΠΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ΄Π»ΠΈΠ½, 2002).
ΠΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ β ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π° Π² ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ°Ρ Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ²Π°. Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π·Π½Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ. Π ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ°Ρ Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡ Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠ°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Β«Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΡΡ Β».
ΠΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π΄Π²Π° ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° β Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π‘ΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ (ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π½Π°Ρ, Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΡΡ ) ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π΄Π²ΡΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Ρ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ° (ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ ΠΊ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ.). ΠΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Ρ. ΠΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ (ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π°Ρ) Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Ρ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.
ΠΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ β ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ β ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ. Π‘ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠ²Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΌ, Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ² ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎ Ρ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ β ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅, ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ.
ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ Π² ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅; ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°. Π ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Β«ΡΒ», ΡΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ β Β«ΠΌΡΒ».
ΠΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ° β ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ, Π°Π²Π΅ΡΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ (ΡΡΡΠΊ, ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΏ, Π³ΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΡ) ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ Π³Π»Π°Π·.