ΠΠΈΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΠ·ΡΠ½-Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°
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Π‘Π°ΠΉΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΄ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° (Buddhist Studies Virtual Library) ΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π·ΡΠ½, ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ², Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΉ, Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° 190 ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π΄Π·ΡΠ½, ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π°Π·ΠΈΠ½ Π΄Π·ΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ².
ΠΠ·ΡΠ½ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ
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Π‘Π°ΠΉΡ Β«ΠΠ·ΡΠ½, Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ "ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ"Β» (As Zen replaces the Id) ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌ: ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π·ΡΠ½. Π‘Π°ΠΉΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊ-ΠΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π΄ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ.
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ΠΠ»Π°Π²Π° 18. Π‘ΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠ»Π°ΠΌΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡ.
ΠΠ½Π°ΠΉ, ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π»ΡΠ±Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎ, Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΏΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ
Al-Ghazzali, 1964a, Ρ. 17.
Π’ΡΡΡΡΠΈ Π»Π΅Ρ ΡΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π» Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠΏΡ, Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Β«Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΒ» ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π‘ΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌ β ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ: ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²Π° Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ. Π‘ΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌ β ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π·, ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΡΡ Π»ΡΠ±Π²ΠΈ, ΠΏΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΉΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄, ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΡΡ ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.
Π ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π² Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π²ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π²Π°ΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΌΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅ Π·Π½Π°Π΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π‘ΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅, Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ, ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, Π·Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅, ΡΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΠΌΠΈ. Π‘ΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ° Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ, ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠΈΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡ.
ΠΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ-ΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ, ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ, ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΏΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΠΈΡ, Π·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ²Ρ.
Π‘ΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ°. ΠΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ. Β«ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ: Π§ΡΠΎ ΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠ΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»? ΠΡΠ΄Π° Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΡΡ ΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌ? Π ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅?Β» (Al-Ghazzali, 1964 Π°, Ρ. 19β20). Π Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊ, Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ.
Π Π½Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Ρ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ², ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ± ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅Π², Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΡΡ ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡ Π·Π΄Π΅ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌ, ΠΌΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΌ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π½Π΅Π»ΡΠ·Ρ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ-ΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄, ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅Π² Π²ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ, ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊ ΡΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. Π Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ (Arberry, 1970; Nicholson, 1964 Π°); ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ (Burckhardt, 1968); Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ, ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ (Meher Baba, 1967, 1972; Pir Villayat Khan, 1974; Siraj-Ed-Din, 1970); Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π€Π°ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π° (Farzan, 1973, 1974) ΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ (Perry, 1971); ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ (Nurbakhsh, 1978, 1979, 1981; Ozak, 1981, 1987, 1991 Π°, 1991 b).