Π§ΠΈΡ‚Π°ΠΉΡ‚Π΅ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½ Π½Π° Bookidrom.ru! БСсплатныС ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅

Π§ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΠ½Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½ Β«Π’Π΅ΠΊ Π±ΠΈΡ„ΡƒΡ€ΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ. ΠŸΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΡ€Π°Β». Π‘Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ†Π° 37

Автор Π­Ρ€Π²ΠΈΠ½ Ласло

Π’ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅

Π’ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ соврСмСнныС ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡƒΡΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΠΈ слоТных систСм, ΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡŽΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ. ΠžΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ элСмСнтами ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ нСравновСсныС систСмы, Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… поддСрТиваСтся каталитичСскими Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ‰Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ…ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ… энСргии; Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ порядка Π² ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡ‚Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ с состояниями ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ хаоса Π²ΠΎ врСмя Π±ΠΈΡ„ΡƒΡ€ΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ; наблюдаСмая статистичСская тСндСнция ΠΊ ΡƒΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ слоТности Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ…ΡΡ уровнях ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ.

АвтокаталитичСскиС ΠΈ кросс-каталитичСскиС ΠΏΠ΅Ρ‚Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ связи ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Π² ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΡ€Ρ‹Ρ‚Ρ‹Ρ… динамичСских систСмах, Π΄Π°Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΎΡ‚ равновСсия, Π² силу высоких скоростСй Ρ€Π΅Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ большой устойчивости. Но ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΡƒ Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉΡΡ Ρ€Π΅Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ» Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, постоянныС измСнСния Π²ΠΎ внСшнСй срСдС Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡŽΡ‚ условия, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»Ρ‹ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ. БистСмы Π΄ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Π² своСй ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ, извСстной Π² Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ динамичСских систСм ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ катастрофичСская бифуркация. ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ Π² систСмы Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅Π³ΠΎ состояния, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ экспСримСнт ΠΈ тСория, сущСствСнно Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½: ΠΎΠ½ Π½Π΅ являСтся Π½ΠΈ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… условий, Π½ΠΈ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡƒΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ². Π˜ΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ эмпиричСски наблюдаСмая Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΡΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΡ„ΡƒΡ€ΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ приводят ΠΊΠΎ всС Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ слоТным систСмам, всС Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π΄Π°Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΡ‚ тСрмодинамичСского равновСсия. Π‘ΠΎ Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΌ систСма ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚Π°Π΅Ρ‚ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΡΠΎΡ…Ρ€Π°Π½ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π² Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΊ свободной энСргии ΠΈ ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡŒΡˆΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ свою ΡƒΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ ΡΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡŽ. НС Π±ΡƒΠ΄ΡŒ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ вСроятности, ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°Π»Π° Π±Ρ‹ случайный Π΄Ρ€Π΅ΠΉΡ„ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ всС Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ высоко ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ состояниями вмСсто Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ статистичСски Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠΌΡ‹ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΊ созданию всС Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ слоТных ΠΈ динамичСски нСравновСсных систСм.

ВсС Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ высокиС ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° каталитичСскиС Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»Ρ‹ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ уровня Π·Π°Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»Ρ‹ β€” систСмы Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ высокого уровня. Π’Π°ΠΊ, ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡƒΠ»Ρ‹ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ химичСски Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ²; ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚Π΅ΠΉ слоТных ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡƒΠ»; эукариотныС ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ срСди ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ…; ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ срСди ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π²Π΅Ρ€Π³ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ ΠΊ Π΅Ρ‰Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ высокому ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡŽ экологичСских ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… систСм.

ВсС эти Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚Ρ‹ ΠΈ процСссы относятся ΠΊΠΎ всСм областям ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ β€” ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½Π΄Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ уровня субатомных частиц ΠΈ Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ², ΡΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… всС нСисчСрпаСмоС богатство ΠΌΠΈΡ€Π°, Π΄ΠΎ самого слоТного уровня ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… экологичСскиС ΠΈ систСмы Π² биосфСрС Π—Π΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ.

РСкомСндуСмая Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π° для дальнСйшСго чтСния

ΠšΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… систСм. (Боставил АлСксандр Ласло)

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