ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ Π²ΡΡΠ΅Π» ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌ. ΠΠ½ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡΡ. Π ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° 2009 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° (American Recovery and Reinvestment Act β ARRA), ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π² Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°.
ΠΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ° Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅, Π΄ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ , ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ. Π 2010 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ 1,56 ΠΌΠ»Π½., Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ , ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ-Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² IRS β 618,1 ΡΡΡ. (Π² 2007 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ 1,47 ΠΌΠ»Π½. ΠΈ 583,5 ΡΡΡ.). Π Π°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ 2,06 ΡΡΠ»Π½. Π΄ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π² ΡΡΠΌΠΌΠ΅ 1,94 ΡΡΠ»Π½. ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ Π² ΡΡΠΌΠΌΠ΅ 4,49 ΡΡΠ»Π½. (Π² 2007 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, Π² ΡΡΠ»Π½. β 1,93; 1,7; 1,33)128.
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ΠΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΠ±Π°ΠΌΡ Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π», ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡ, Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π² Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΠ»Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π΅Π΄Π° ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ, Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ.
ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΠΉ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ³ΡΠΎΠ·Ρ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ Β«ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΒ» ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°, Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ.
Π‘ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠ» Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΠΎΠ½Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π² 2010 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½Ρ Β«ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈΒ». ΠΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π²Π°Π² Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Β«ΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΈΒ» β Ρ Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Β«ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°Β» ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² β Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π² ΠΠ°Π»Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ Π. ΠΠ±Π°ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ².
Π‘ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ² ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ±Π°ΠΌΡ Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠΈΠ»Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ. Π‘ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ, ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎ, Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π² ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΌΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ°, ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°, ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. Π‘ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π°Π΄ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΠ±Π°ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΉΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π»ΡΠ³ΠΎΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ².
ΠΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ, Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅, Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Β«Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΠ±Π°ΠΌΡΒ», ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π²Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ, Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π² ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅, ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π·ΠΈΠ³Π·Π°Π³Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅.
Π‘ΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ
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