Π§ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ½Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½ Β«ΠΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΒ». Π‘ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ° 82
ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡ ΠΡΡΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΡΠ°ΠΉΡ
356
Nestle, Food Politics: 238; Proxmire amendment: 21 U.S.C. Β§ 350 (Vitamins and Minerals).
357
Nestle, Food Politics, p. 238.
358
Nestle, Food Politics, p. 238.
359
Committee on the Nutrition Components of Food Labeling, Institute of Medicine. Nutrition Labeling: Issues and Directions for the 1990s, p. 57.
360
Regulation of Dietary Supplements: 63 (Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°, ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ FDA).
361
NewChapter.com. http://www.newchapter.com/targeted-herbal-formulas/supercritical-omega-7#supplement-facts.
362
Regulation of Dietary Supplements, p. 139 (Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈ Π£ΠΈΠ»ΡΠΎΠ½).
363
Hurley, Natural Causes, p. 59.
364
Slutsker, Laurence, et al. Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndrome Associated With Exposure to Tryptophan From a Single Manufacturer. The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 264, no. 2 (July 11, 1990). Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅: Belongia, Edward et al. An Investigation of the Cause of the Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndrome Associated With Tryptophan Use. The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 323, no. 6 (August 9, 1990).
365
Grady, Denise. Dietary Supplement Found to Be Contaminated. New York Times, September 1, 1998. http://www.nytimes.com/1998/09/01/science/dietary-supplement-found-to-be-contaminated.html.
366
FDAβs Regulation of the Dietary Supplement L-tryptophan: Hearing Before the Human Resources and Intergovernmental Relations Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations. House of Representatives, 102nd Cong., 1st sess., July 18, 1991, p. 70 (Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΄Π° Π£ΠΎΡΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π°, ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΆ, ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ).
367
FDAβs Regulation of the Dietary Supplement L-tryptophan: Hearing Before the Human Resources and Intergovernmental Relations Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations. House of Representatives, 102nd Cong., 1st sess., July 18, 1991, p. 70 (Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΄Π° Π£ΠΎΡΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π°, ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΆ, ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ), p. 71 (Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΄Π° Π£ΠΎΡΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π°).
368
Hurley, Natural Causes, p. 66.
369
FDAβs Regulation of the Dietary Supplement L-tryptophan: 70 (Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΄Π° Π£ΠΎΡΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π°).
370
Nestle, Food Politics: 239; Health.gov. Background on Dietary Supplements. http://www.health.gov/dietsupp/ch2.htm#sthash.XmELnICr.dpuf.
371
Nestle, Food Politics, p. 242.
372
Nestle, Food Politics, p. 242.
373
Hilts, P. J. In Reversal, White House Backs Curbs on Health Claims for Food. New York Times, February 9, 1990, p. A1, A22.
374
Nestle, Food Politics, p. 242.
375
Nestle, Food Politics, p. 250.
376
Lipton, Eric. Support Is Mutual for Senator and Utah Industry. New York Times, June 20, 2011.
377
Daniells, Stephen. Dietary Supplements Become Utahβs #1 Industry, Topping $7.2 Billion. NutraIngredients-USA.com newsletter, May 23, 2012. http://www.nutraingredients-usa.com/Markets/ietary-supplements-becomeUtah-s-1-industry-topping-7.2-billion.
378
Lipton, Eric. Support Is Mutual for Senator and Utah Industry. New York Times, June 20, 2011.
379
Lipton, Eric. Support Is Mutual for Senator and Utah Industry. New York Times, June 20, 2011.
380
Lipton, Eric. Support Is Mutual for Senator and Utah Industry. New York Times, June 20, 2011.
381
Hurley, Natural Causes, p. 76.
382
Hurley, Natural Causes, p. 73.
383
Hurley, Natural Causes, p. 73.
384
Π’Π΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ Ρ ΠΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ, 28 ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°Π»Ρ 2012 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
385
Hurley, Natural Causes, p. 80.
386
Library of Congress Summary. H.R.2597 (102nd): Food, Drug, Cosmetic and Device Enforcement Amendments of 1991. Introduced June 7, 1991. https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/102/hr2597#summary/libraryofcongress.
387
Hurley, Natural Causes, p. 81.
388
Hurley, Natural Causes, p. 83.
389
Weisskopf, Michael. In the Vitamin Wars, Industry Marshals an Army of Citizen Protesters. Washington Post, September 14, 1993, p. A07.
390
Hurley, Natural Causes, p. 87.
391
Hurley, Natural Causes, p. 83.
392
Nestle, Food Politics, p. 259.
393
ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ Ρ ΠΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΅Ρ, 23 ΠΈΡΠ»Ρ 2014 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
394
Weisskopf, In the Vitamin Wars, Industry Marshals an Army of Citizen Protesters, p. A07.
395
Hurley, Natural Causes, p. 87.
396
Burros, Marian. F.D.A. Is Again Proposing to Regulate Vitamins and Supplements. New York Times, June 15, 1993.
397
Hilts, Protecting Americaβs Health, p. 286.
398
Hurley, Natural Causes, p. 85.
399
Hurley, Natural Causes, p. 84.
400
Hilts, Protecting Americaβs Health, p. 287.
401
Hilts, Protecting Americaβs Health, p. 287.
402
Hilts, Protecting Americaβs Health, p. 287.
403
Nestle, Food Politics, p. 255.
404
Williams, Lena. F.D.A. Steps Up Effort to Control Vitamin Claims. New York Times, August 9, 1992.
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Williams, Lena. A Correction: No Plan to Curb High-Potency Vitamins as Drugs. New York Times, August 16, 1992.
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407
Williams, F.D.A Steps Up Effort to Control Vitamin Claims.
408
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IV2olDA0w8U; Hilts, Protecting Americaβs Health, p. 288.
409
Burros, F.D.A. Is Again Proposing to Regulate Vitamins and Supplements.
410
Hurley, Natural Causes, p. 89.
411
Hurley, Natural Causes, p. 90β91.
412
Regulation of Dietary Supplements: 63 (Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°, ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ FDA).
413
Regulation of Dietary Supplements: 63 (Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°, ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ FDA), p. 63.
414
Regulation of Dietary Supplements: 63 (Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°, ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ FDA), p. 63.
415
Diet Supplements Attacked by F.D.A. New York Times, July 30, 1993.
416
Regulation of Dietary Supplements: 65 (Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°, ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ FDA).
417
Burros, F.D.A. Is Again Proposing to Regulate Vitamins and Supplements.
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US Government Accountability Office. Dietary Supplements: FDA Should Take Further Actions to Improve Oversight and Consumer Understanding, GAO-09-250. Washington, DC: US Government Accountability Office, 2009, p. 32.
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Hurley, Natural Causes, p. 94.
420
Library of Congress Summary of the 1994 Dietary Health and Education Act: https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/103/s784#summary.
421
Hurley, Natural Causes, p. 98β99.
422
ΠΠΎΠ»Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° DSHEA: Act of October 25, 1994, Pub. L. No. 103β417, 108 Stat. 4325 (Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994).
ΠΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-108/pdf/STATUTE-108Pg4325.pdf.
423
Hurley, Natural Causes, p. 101.
424
ΠΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ DSHEA Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅ Health.gov: http://www.health.gov/dietsupp/ch1.htm.
425
FDA Basics: What Is a Dietary Supplement? http://www.fda.gov/aboutfda/transparency/basics/ucm195635.htm.
426
Hurley, Natural Causes, p. 102.
427
ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π΅ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²: Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ FDA ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Β«ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΉ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ Π±Π΅Π·Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΠΌΒ» (GRAS). ΠΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»Π°Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π‘ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ°Π»Π°ΡΠ° Π‘Π¨Π, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Β«ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΒ». ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π³ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°ΠΏΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ Π² Π½Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ Π°ΠΏΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΆΠ΅ΠΌΠ°, Π½ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°ΠΏΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ½, ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ»Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΠΏΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π² Π΄ΠΆΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π½Π΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ FDA ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π½Π° 95 % ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°? ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π±Π΅Π·Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΠΌ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅? US Government Accountability Office, Dietary Supplements: FDA Should Take Further Actions to Improve Oversight and Consumer Understanding, p. 24.
428
Hilts, Protecting Americaβs Health, p. 228.