Π§ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ½Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½ Β«ΠΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΒ». Π‘ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ° 78
ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡ ΠΡΡΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΡΠ°ΠΉΡ
144
McCollum, Elmer, and Marguerite Davis. The Necessity of Certain Lipids During Growth. Journal of Biological Chemistry 15 (1913), p. 175.
145
McCollum, Elmer, Nina Simmonds, and Walter Pitz. The Relation of the Unidentified Dietary Factors, the Fat-Soluble A, and Water-Soluble B, of the Diet to the Growth-Promoting Properties of Milk. Journal of Biological Chemistry 27 (1916), p. 33.
146
McCollum and Kennedy, The Dietary Factors Operating in the Production of Polyneuritis, p. 492.
147
Carpenter, Kenneth J. A Short History of Nutritional Science: Part 3 (1912β1944). Journal of Nutrition 133 (2003), p. 3024.
148
Eddy, Walter, and Gessner Hawley. We Need Vitamins: What Are They? What Do They Do? New York: Reinhold, 1941, p. 9.
149
McCollum, From Kansas Farm Boy to Scientist, p. 134.
150
Carpenter, Kenneth. The Nobel Prize and the Discovery of Vitamins. Nobelprize.org, June 22, 2004. http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/articles/carpenter/index.html
151
Dairy Council. Vitamins in Milk. http://www.milk.co.uk/page.aspx?intPageID=71.
152
Splint, Sarah Field, and Camille Davied. Are Your Menus Right? McCallβs, February 1935, p. 45, 68.
153
McCollum, Elmer. A Vitamin Primer. McCallβs, April 1938, p. 60.
154
Levenstein, Revolution at the Table, p. 149.
155
Barnard, Eunice Fuller. In Food, Also, a New Fashion Is Here. New York Times Magazine, May 4, 1930.
156
Eddy, Walter H. How Do You Know Youβve Got a Vitamin? Good Housekeeping, February 1929, p. 96.
157
For Refreshment, For Vitamin C. ΠΠ· ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΡ Π² McCallβs Π΄Π»Ρ Sunkist lemons, August 1930, p. 49.
158
In Winter Months They Get So Little Sunshine. ΠΠ· ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΡ McCallβs Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ° Squibbβs, November 1928, p. 61.
159
Take Internal Sun Baths Daily for Radiant Health. ΠΠ· ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΡ McCallβs Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΠ°-Π»Π°ΡΡΠΊΠ° Iceberg, March 1930.
160
This Natural Vitality Food. ΠΠ· ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΡ McCallβs Π΄Π»Ρ Π±Π°Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΠ², April 1930: 51.
161
McCallβs, March 1941: 62.
162
ΠΠ· ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΡ McCallβs Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ², February 1922, p. 93.
163
ΠΠ· ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΡ McCallβs Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ² Del Monte, February 1933.
164
Wisconsinology, January 25, 2009. http://wisconsinology.blogspot.com/2009/01/schlitz-with-vitamin-dwhaaa.html.
165
ΠΠ³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Final Risk Assessment. Biotechnology Program Under the Toxic Substances Control Act, February 1997. http://www.epa.gov/biotech_rule/pubs/fra/fra002.htm.
166
J. Walter Thompson Company. Fleischmann Sales Continue Upward Trend, August 13, 1925. library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/mma_MM1148.
167
Many Men Are Failures Because of Intestinal Fatigue. McCallβs, September 1930, p. 135.
168
This newly discovered Yeast is much quicker-acting. McCallβs, December 1934, p. 119.
169
The New XR Yeast is biggest advance in treating constipation in a generation. McCallβs, April 1935, p. 155.
170
Completely corrected by this new discoveryβ¦ chronic cases of constipation. McCallβs, May 1935.
171
Levenstein, Fear of Food, p. 185.
172
Itβs remarkable how quickly such Skin Eruptions disappear. McCallβs, May 1932, p. 113.
173
Life Begins at 40. McCallβs, December 1937, p. 119.
174
Levenstein, Revolution at the Table, p. 198.
175
Life Begins at 40. McCallβs, November 1937, p. 131.
Π ΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Β«ΠΡΠΎΠΆΠΆΠΈ Π½Π° Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Β» ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π° Π΄ΡΠΎΠΆΠΆΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·Ρ Ρ Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΠ΅ β ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² 1923 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ . ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΠ΅, ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ, Β«ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΡΠΎΠΆΠΆΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ΄ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΒ». Π‘ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π»ΠΈ Β«ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ βΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈβΒ». Account History, The Fleischmann Company, by the J. Walter Thompson Company, January 2, 1926. http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/mma_MM1158/.
176
Proceedings: National Nutrition Conference for Defense, May 26, 27, 28, 1941, called by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1942, p. xiii.
177
Proceedings: National Nutrition Conference for Defense, May 26, 27, 28, 1941, called by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1942, Ρ. 230.
178
Levenstein, Harvey. Paradox of Plenty: A Social History of Eating in Modern America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003, p. 59, 67.
179
Proceedings: National Nutrition Conference for Defense, May 26, 27, 28, 1941, p. 1.
180
Darnton, Experts Map Plan of Diet Education for Our Defense.
181
Darnton, Experts Map Plan of Diet Education for Our Defense.
182
Proceedings: National Nutrition Conference for Defense, May 26, 27, 28, 1941, p. 5.
183
World Carrot Museum. Carrots in World War Two. http://www.carrotmuseum.co.uk/istory4.html#nightvision.
184
Where does he get his disposition? McCallβs ad for Grape-Nuts, July 1927.
185
Proceedings: National Nutrition Conference for Defense, May 26, 27, 28, 1941, p. 232.
186
Proceedings: National Nutrition Conference for Defense, May 26, 27, 28, 1941, Ρ. 228.
187
Hitler Vitamin Plan Is Nazi War Factor. New York Times, August 23, 1941.
188
Levenstein, Fear of Food, p. 100.
189
Darnton, Experts Map Plan of Diet Education for Our Defense.
190
National Archives and Records Administration. Preview | Whatβs Cooking Uncle Sam? http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/whats-cooking/preview/kitchen.html.
191
Altman, Alex. Americaβs Worst Vice Presidents. Time, 2008. http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1834600_1834604_1835417,00.html.
192
Proceedings: National Nutrition Conference for Defense, May 26, 27, 28, 1941, p. 37.
193
Proceedings: National Nutrition Conference for Defense, May 26, 27, 28, 1941, p. 37.
194
Apple, Rima. Vitamins Win the War: Nutrition, Commerce, and Patriotism in the United States During the Second World War. In Food, Science, Policy and Regulation in the Twentieth Century, eds. David F. Smith and Jim Phillips. London: Routledge, 2000, p. 138.
195
Vitamins for War. Journal of the American Medical Association 115, no. 14 (1940), p. 1198.
196
Goldsmith, Grace. Russell Wilder β A Biographical Sketch. Journal of Nutrition 74 (1961), p. 1β8.
197
Π Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π» Π£ΠΈΠ»Π΄Π΅Ρ ΠΈ ΠΠ»ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»ΡΠΌ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½. Π 1830-Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΉ Π‘ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΡΡΡ Π΅ΠΌ (ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠ²Π°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°Π½Π° ΠΡΡΡ Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ²) ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ·Π³Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ», ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΏΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Β«ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ ΠΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠΌ ΠΎ Ρ Π»Π΅Π±Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΊ ΡΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠΏΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠ±Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Β». Levenstein, Fear of Food, p. 107.
198
Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, p. 68.
199
Semba, Richard. The Vitamin A Story: Lifting the Shadow of Death. Basel: Karger, 2012, p. 127.
200
News of Food: New Vitamin B-1 Chocolate Syrup Is Health Builder for Young and Old. New York Times, June 5, 1941.
201
News of Food: Some Information on βEnrichedβ Breads and Warnings on the Need for Vitamins. New York Times, January 6, 1942.
202
Food That Combats Fatigue. New York Times, October 18, 1942.
203
News of Food: Bread for Beauty Makes Appearance. New York Times, January 13, 1942.
204
Darnton, Experts Map Plan of Diet Education for Our Defense.
205
Give your family this needed protection. Π Π΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ° McCallβs Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ Ρ Π»ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π² Quaker Oats, October 1940.
206
Levenstein, Fear of Food, p. 101.
207
Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, p. 75.
208
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Whatβs the Difference Between the Terms βFortifiedβ and βEnrichedβ on Food Labels? http://www.eatright.org/Public/content.aspx?id=6442453536#.URPiw1qjeg.
209
Levenstein, Fear of Food, p. 100.
210
ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ Π² Π‘Π¨Π Π½Π΅Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΡΠΊΠΈ, ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠ΄ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΌΡΠΊΡ ΠΈ Ρ Π»Π΅Π±. Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π½Π° ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Β«ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°ΡΒ» β ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°. Π ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ , ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π²Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π½Π΅ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅. Π ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ Π»Π΅Π± ΠΈ ΠΌΡΠΊΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π°, ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΠ½Π°, Π½ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Ρ 1998 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° β ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ (ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ). Committee on Use of Dietary Reference Intakes in Nutrition Labeling. Dietary Reference Intakes: Guiding Principles for Nutrition Labeling and Fortification, p. 45. http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=10872; CFR β Code of Federalegulations Title 21, Part 137: Cereal Flours and Related Products. Revised as of April 1, 2013. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=137.165.