Π§ΠΈΡ‚Π°ΠΉΡ‚Π΅ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½ Π½Π° Bookidrom.ru! БСсплатныС ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅

Π§ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΠ½Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½ «Нации ΠΈ ΡΡ‚Π½ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π² Π³ΡƒΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π½Π°ΡƒΠΊΠ°Ρ…. ЭтничСскиС, ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Π½Π°Ρ€Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Ρ‹. Π€ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ рСпрСзСнтация». Π‘Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ†Π° 9

Автор Π‘Π±ΠΎΡ€Π½ΠΈΠΊ статСй

Godfrey’s history of the Franks is an even more ideologically biased. In one version, Clovis was baptized even before Constantine the Great was. Clovis was, therefore, more virtuous and beloved of God, just like his people, the Franks, were[65]. In Godfrey’s other versions of Frankish history a more realistic chronology is observed[66]. The Carolingian overthrow of the Merovingians is portrayed as a natural development of a people who could not bear feeble rulers[67]. Godfrey retells the legend of Charlemagne, the main character in all of his works, differently each time. However, aside from the references to David’s anointment during Charlemagne’s coronation by God, the most striking element found in Godfrey’s works is the reworked genealogy of Charlemagne. His father remains Pepin the Short (751–758), who is described as a Frank, but his mother Bertrada becomes Berta, the granddaughter of Emperor Heraclius (610–641). As Godfrey states, Charlemagne united the two Trojan lineages, the Frankish and the Roman-Greek, into one, thereby becoming the rightful ruler of the impΓ©rium RomanΕ―m[68]. The rest of Godfrey’s Frankish and German history follows Otto of Freising’s model[69].

The views of history presented here were not necessarily believed in by anyone outside the court. Moreover, some 'German’ authors, that is, northern Germans/Saxons, do not mention these theoretical constructs[70].

The most likely conclusion as to why this is so is that there was no single unified German identity. While Miiller-Mertens proved that the elites of the various peoples we consider German today did have a sense of German identity as early as the 1110s[71], it seems that every author related himself firstly to his locality and region, and only then to the larger regnum Teutonicum, regnum Francorum and impΓ©rium RomanΕ―m. As the Hohenstaufen court followed an agenda of conquest in Italy and the restoration of imperial rights in general, it was only logical that the courtly histories would take up more elements of Frankish and Roman histories and identities. In Italian eyes it was much easier when it came to defining the empire: it had always been and would always be only Roman[72]. The opponents of the Hohenstaufen who appear as characters in the works of the Hohenstaufen supporters retain this distinction. For example, the Milanese are allowed to insult Barbarossa as merely a German in the Carmen de gestis[73].

To sum up, the imperial court espoused a German, Roman and Frankish identity. Roman because the impΓ©rium itselfwas Roman, Frankish because Charlemagne took the impΓ©rium away from the Greeks, and German because Otto the Great won the impΓ©rium from the Langobards, thereby excluding the French from Charlemagne’s legacy, the empire. While a German national identity was definitely in the background of this ideology, the imperial element is so much more present that it is more appropriate to conclude by saying that a Roman imperial identity existed at the court of the kings of Germany.

* * *

Π£Π”Πš 94(430).024

BE ДРАН Π‘Π£Π”ΠžΠ’ БКИ. ΠœΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ‚, Π¦Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ ЕвропСйский унивСрситСт, Π‘ΡƒΠ΄Π°ΠΏΠ΅ΡˆΡ‚, ВСнгрия.

VEDRÁN SULOVSKY. МА student, Central European University, Budapest, Hungary. E-mail: vedransulovsky(o)hotmail.com


Π“Π•Π ΠœΠΠΠ‘ΠšΠžΠ•, Π Π˜ΠœΠ‘ΠšΠžΠ• И Π€Π ΠΠΠšΠ‘ΠšΠžΠ•: ΠΠΠ¦Π˜ΠžΠΠΠ›Π¬ΠΠ«Π• ΠΠΠ Π ΠΠ’Π˜Π’Π« ЭПОΠ₯И РАННИΠ₯ Π“ΠžΠ“Π•ΠΠ¨Π’ΠΠ£Π€Π•ΠΠžΠ’ (1138–1190) И ИΠ₯ Π’Π›Π˜Π―ΠΠ˜Π• НА ΠŸΠžΠ›Π˜Π’Π˜ΠšΠ£

Π’ срСднСвСковой Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ происходили Ρ‚Π΅ ΠΆΠ΅ процСссы, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΈ Π² соврСмСнной: ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° наблюдалось столкновСниС Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… идСнтичностСй, ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ вслСд Π·Π° Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΌ потрясСниСм, послСдовавшим Π·Π° ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ БовСтского Боюза. ОсобСнно интСрСсным прСдставляСтся ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ БвящСнной Римской Π˜ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ государства, колСбавшСгося ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ франкской, римской ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Ρ†ΠΊΠΈΠΉ идСнтичностями. Π’ Ρ‚ΠΎ врСмя ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€, ΠšΠ°Ρ€Π» Π’Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠžΡ‚Ρ‚ΠΎΠ½ Π’Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΉ, ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Ρ‚Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ франкской идСнтичности, Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ – Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π›ΡŽΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΊ БлагочСстивый ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠžΡ‚Ρ‚ΠΎΠ½ III, ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π»ΠΈ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ римскоС самосознаниС Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΡŒ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ.

Однако, начиная с 1000 Π³. это ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡŒ ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ писатСлями, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΊ ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ°Π·Ρƒ ΠΎΡ‚ Римского ΠΈ импСрского Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ‚Π΅ Π·Π° инвСституру Π² 1070 Π³Π³. Π‘ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΡ€ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠΈΠ½ Teutonicus Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅Π» Π½Π° Π°Π²Π°Π½Π³Π°Ρ€Π΄ СвропСйской Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ для умалСния Π±ΡƒΠ΄ΡƒΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² Римской ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ. ΠŸΠΎΡΡ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Ρ†ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±Π΅Π³Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΊ Π½Π΅ΠΌΡƒ, хотя ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ использовали папистскиС Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹. Ко Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠšΠΎΠ½Ρ€Π°Π΄Π° III (1138–1152) нСмСцкая ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΡƒΠΆΠ΅ повсСмСстно Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡŒ гСрманскими Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ римская ΠΈ франкская Π½Π΅ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ Π·Π°Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚Ρ‹.

Π’ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… 50 Π»Π΅Ρ‚ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Π½Π°Ρ€Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Ρ‹ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ косвСнно усвоСны Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ людьми. Если ΠšΠΎΠ½Ρ€Π°Π΄ III ΠΈ Π€Ρ€ΠΈΠ΄Ρ€ΠΈΡ… I (1152–1190) высказывали Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ франкскиС политичСскиС взгляды, Ρ‚ΠΎ римская ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡƒΠ½Π° ΠΈ папство ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ римским идСнтичности. ВосприятиС ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ срСди Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ… Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² сущСствСнно Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡŒ: сторонники ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π° Римским, ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ – Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Ρ†ΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π²Π°Ρ€Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠΌ. Он Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ Ρ„Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΊ этому Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ это ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΠΎ срСди ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΡΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π² – Ρ„Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ†ΡƒΠ·. Π£ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Ρ†ΠΊΠΈΡ… Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ², Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅, сомнСний Π½Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΎ: ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΌΡ†ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ, ΠΈ франкскими, ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° римскими, Π² зависимости ΠΎΡ‚ ситуации.

ΠšΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π²Ρ‹Π΅ слова: ГСрманский; Ѐранкский; Римский; ΠšΠΎΠ½Ρ€Π°Π΄ III (1138–1190); Π€Ρ€ΠΈΠ΄Ρ€ΠΈΡ… I (1152–1190); Π ΠΈΠΌ; папство; ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ; со-ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ; ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π½ΠΈΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ.


GERMAN, ROMAN AND FRANKISH: THE NATIONAL NARRATIVES OF THE EARLY HOHENSTAUFEN ERA (1138–1190) AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON HIGH POLITICS

Just as modern Europe has contested national identities, some of which have been challenged in the great upheaval following the fall of the Soviet Union, so did Medieval Europe have many similar phenomena. A particularly interesting case is the Holy Roman Empire, as it was multi-national state which wavered between the Frankish, Roman and German identities. While some rulers, for example Charlemagne and Otto the Great, thought the Frankish identity to be the most important one, other, such as Louis the Pious or Otto III, believed that the Roman identity should be only relevant one.

This, however, had been contested by Italian writers since 1000, eventually leading to a renunciation of the Empire’s Roman and Imperial character by Gregory VII in the 1070s. Since then the term Teutonicus rose to the forefront of European diplomacy as a disparagement of the would-be Roman emperors. German authors slowly started using the term themselves, even though it was primarily used by pro-Papal writers at first. By the time of Conrad III (1138–1152), however, the German identity was commonly accepted by German writers, although the Frankish and Roman identities had still not been completely forgotten.

During the following half century, differing national narratives were implicitly accepted by various persons. While Conrad III and Frederick I (1152–1190) exhibited a more Frankish-based political worldview, the Roman Commune and the Papacy embraced two very different Roman identities. Among other Italian authors the rulers were perceived in markedly different fashions: imperialists called the emperor a Roman, while others called him a German barbarian. A Frank he could not be, as by this point this meant only the French – in Italian eyes. For German authors, however, no doubt existed: they were both German and Frankish, and sometimes even Roman, depending on the situation.

Keywords: German; Frankish; Roman; Conrad III (1138–1190); Frederick I (1152–1190); Rome, the Papacy; identity; coidentity; contested identity.


БПИБОК Π›Π˜Π’Π•Π ΠΠ’Π£Π Π« (REFERENCES)

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ГуситскиС Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ Π² «КнигС ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π° Π‘ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡƒΠ½Π΄Π°Β» Π­Π±Π΅Ρ€Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π΄Π° Π’ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ΅: распространСниС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ дискурса

Наумов Н. Н.


ГуситскиС Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ собой явлСниС слоТной ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹, ΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΡƒ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡΡ‚ΡƒΠΏΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΊ частному вопросу, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌΡƒ посвящСн ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄, я Ρ…ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π» Π±Ρ‹ схСматично ΠΎΠ±Ρ€ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ, Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ прСдставал ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄ ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ XIX–XXI Π²Π². этот ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ‚ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ Π‘ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡƒΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΌ Π›ΡŽΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡƒΡ€Π³ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ‡Π΅ΡˆΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ. Π€Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡˆΠ΅ΠΊ ΠŸΠ°Π»Π°Ρ†ΠΊΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ основатСлСм Ρ‡Π΅ΡˆΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ историчСской Π½Π°ΡƒΠΊΠΈ, считал, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π² 1419 Π³. «практичСски всС Ρ‡Π΅Ρ…ΠΈ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ Π² Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡ‹ Π² Ρ†Π΅Ρ€ΠΊΠ²ΠΈ, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ мСсти ΠΈ восстановлСния ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΡƒΠ³Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ чСсти»[74] – ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ послСдним ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ€Π°Π·ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π²Π°Π» ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π·Π° соТТСниС Ρ‡Π΅ΡˆΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π―Π½Π° Гуса Π² ΠšΠΎΠ½ΡΡ‚Π°Π½Ρ†Π΅ Π² 1415 Π³. ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π° Π½Π° использованиС Ρ‡Π΅ΡˆΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ языка Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΠΈ, Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²Π΅ ΠΈ судопроизводствС. Π‘ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ зрСния Β«Π˜ΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ Ρ‡Π΅ΡˆΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² Π§Π΅Ρ…ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠœΠΎΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠΈΒ» β€“ Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ истории, написанной ΠŸΠ°Π»Π°Ρ†ΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π² сСрСдинС XIX Π². β€“ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ…-гусит, Ρ‚. Π΅. Ρ‡Π΅Ρ… – сторонник Ρ†Π΅Ρ€ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Π΅Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡ‹, Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π²Π°Π» с Π‘ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡƒΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ вассалами ΠΈΠ· вСнгСрских ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Ρ†ΠΊΠΈΡ… зСмСль.

ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡ‚ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ историография XX Π².[75] Π²Ρ‹Π²Π΅Π»Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚, нСсколько Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρƒ ΠŸΠ°Π»Π°Ρ†ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ. ΠšΡ€Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡΠ½ΠΈΠ½-Ρ‡Π΅Ρ…, Ρ‡Π΅ΡˆΡΠΊΠ°Ρ городская Π±Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡ‚Π° ΠΈ слуТилоС дворянство Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ² Π‘ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡƒΠ½Π΄Π°, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ нСмСцкоязычным городским ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ с Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Ρ†ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡŽ. Π’ Ρ‡Π΅ΡˆΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ историографии XIX–XX Π²Π². Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ†ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ гуситских Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ прямолинСйного процСсса: Π±ΠΎΡ€ΡŒΠ±Ρ‹ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ…Π° с Π½Π΅ΠΌΡ†Π΅ΠΌ, Ρ€Π΅Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°-гусита с консСрватором-ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΡƒΡ‰Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ с ΡƒΠ³Π½Π΅Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ.