82
ΠΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π² Π³Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠ΅ New York Times, December 14, 1997; Washington Post, November 3 and December 4, 1991; Z Magazine, November 1992; Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Ρ Center for the Study of Policy Alternatives, December 1994.
83
Stephen Kohn, The History of American Draft Law Violations 1658-1985 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986).
84
Jack Levin and Jack McDevitt, Hate Crimes: The Rising Tide of Bigotry and Bloodshed (New York: Plenum, 1993).
85
Sidney Aronson, Status and Kinship in the Higher Civil Service (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964), 35; and Daniel M. Friedenberg, Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Land: The Plunder of Early America (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus, 1992); Merrill Jensen, The New Nation (New York; Random House, 1950), 178.
86
Aronson, Status and Kinship, 49; A. E. McKinley, The Suffrage Franchise in the Thirteen English Colonies in America (Philadelphia; B. Franklin, 1969, originally 1905).
87
ΠΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ Herbert Aptheker, Early Years of the Republic (New York: International, 1976), 41.
88
Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ β ΠΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π² Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ (Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π‘Π¨Π). (ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ. ΠΏΠ΅Ρ.)
89
Π ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΌ. Charles Beard, An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States (New York: Macmillan, 1936, originally 1913). ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ Π€ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ΄ β ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊ Π²Π·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΠΈΡΠ΄Π° β Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΎΠ²; ΡΠΌ. Π΅Π³ΠΎ We, the People: The Economic Origins of the Constitution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958), chapter 2.
90
ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π¨ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² β 1774 β 1781 Π³Π³. Π 1776 Π³. ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ» ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ. (ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ. ΠΏΠ΅Ρ.)
91
Articles of Confederation, in National Documents (New York; Unit, 1905), 59-71.
92
ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠΌ. Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π΅ Robert Goldwin and William Schambra (eds.), How Democratic Is the Constitution (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1980).
93
Merrill Jensen, The Articles of Confederation (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1948), 30.
94
Bernard Herman, The Stolen House (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1992).
95
Jensen, The Articles, of Confederation, 9-10; and Beard, An Economic Interpretation, 28.
96
Aptheker, Early Years of the Republic, 33-36. ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΡΡΡ Π²Π·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄Ρ ΠΠΈΡΠ΄Π°, ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ Π±Π΅Π΄Π½ΡΡ . ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ³Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², Π±Π΅Π΄Π½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ, Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ Π² ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅ Π·Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΈ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠ³Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Clifford Lindsey Alderman, Colonists for Sale: The Story of Indentured Servants in America (New York: Macmillan, 1975).
97
Aptheker, Early Years of the Republic, 137, 144-145.
98
David Szatmary, Shays Rebellion: The Making of an Agrarian Insurrection (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980).
99
ΠΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π»Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΌ. Max Farrand (ed.), Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1937, 1966), vols, 1-3, passim.
100
Beard, An Economic Interpretation, passim. Enormous profits accrued to holders of public securities.
101
Aptheker, Early Years of the Republic, 114.
102
ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π» ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π² ΡΠΌ. Paul Finkelman, Slavery and the Founders (Armonk,N.Y. and London: M. Sharpe, 1996,)
103
ΠΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π΄, ΡΠΎΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΠΎΠ½Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π²ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡ ΠΠΎΠ½Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ. ΠΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠΌ. Jennifer Nedelsky, Private Property and the Limits of American Constitutionalism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994).
104
Π Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ 2000 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΎ Π€Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠΌ. Π³Π»Π°Π²Ρ 13.
105
Farrand, Records of the Federal Convention, vol. 2, 200 ff.
106
Staughton Lynd, Class Conflict, Slavery and the United States Constitution (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967). Π Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ Π·Π° Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΠΌ. Alfred Young (ed.), The American Revolution: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1977); and Edward Countryman, A People in Revolution (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1982).
107
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Ρ , ΠΊΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠΌ. David Smith, The Convention and the Constitution (New York: St. Martins, 1965); ΡΠΌ. ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Goldwin and Schambra (eds.), How Democratic Is the Constitution
108
Farrand, Records of the Federal Convention, vol. 1, xii-xv.
109
Federalist β 10.
110
Jackson Turner Main, The Antifederalists (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1961). ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠΌ. Michael Gillespie and Michael Lienesch (eds.), Ratifying the Constitution (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1989). ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 20% Π²Π·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΡ Π±Π΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ Π·Π° Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΠΎΠ½Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΎΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ.
111
ΠΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π» ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π²Π·ΡΡ, Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Aptheker, Early Years of the Republic, 71 ff. and passim.
112
Andrew Lipscomb (ed.), The Writings of Thomas Jefferson (New York: Putnam, 1897), vol. 15,112.
113
Edward Pessen, Riches, Class and Power before the Civil War (Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath, 1973), 278, 304 ΠΈ Howard Zinn, A People's History of the United States (New York: Harper 8c Row, 1980), 125-29.
114
Edward Pessen, The Many FacetedJacksonian Era (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1977), 7-31; Otto L. Bettmann, The Good Old Days - They Were Terrible (New York: Random House, 1974), 152-53.
115
Zinn, A People's History, 216; Richard Boyer and Herbert Morais, Labor's Untold Story (New York: United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers, 1971), 25 and passim; John Spargo, The Bitter Cry of the Children (Chicago: Quadrangle, 1968, originally 1906).
116
Π¦ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ· ΠΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ (David Montgomery) ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ Boyer and Morais, Labor's Untold Story, 221. A comprehensive study is Philip Foner, History of the Labor Movement in the United States, vols. 1-6 (New York: International Publishers, 1947, 1955, 1964, 1965, 1980,1981).
117
Boyer and Morais, Labor's Untold Story, 216. Π‘ΠΌ. Sidney Fine, Laissez-Faire and the General-Welfare State (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1964) Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π² Π‘Π¨Π Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ XIX ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π½Π°Π΄ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ, Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ.
118
ΠΡΠΎΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠΌ. Sidney Lens, Radicalism in America (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1969); Daniel Fusfeld, The Rise and Repression of Radical Labor in the United States 1877-1918 (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1985); Foner, History of the Labor Movement; Boyer and Morais, Labor's Untold Story.
119
Matthew Josephson, The Robber Barons (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1934), 365.
120
William Preston Jr., Aliens and Dissenters (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963), 24.
121
Richard Grossman and Frank T. Adams, Taking Care of Business: Citizenship and the Charter of Incorporation (Cambridge, Mass.: Charter Ink., 1993); and Why Do Corporations Have More Rights Than You? (Areata, Calif.: Democracy Unlimited, n.d.).
122
Β«ΠΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½Β» β ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈ. ΠΠ½ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ°. (ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ. ΠΏΠ΅Ρ.)
123
Morton Horowitz, The Transformation of American Law 1780-1860 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977).
124
Josephson, The Robber Barons, 395.
125
Josephson, The Robber Barons, 52.
126
James S. Allen, Reconstruction: The Battle for Democracy, 1865-1876 (New York: International, 1937); Eric Foner, Reconstruction (New York: Harper 8c Row, 1988).
127
ΠΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ β ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° ΠΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΈ. (ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ. ΠΏΠ΅Ρ.)
128
Gabriel Kolko, The Triumph of Conservatism (Chicago: Quadrangle, 1967), chapters 1 and 2.
129
Kolko, The Triumph of Conservatism, 281.
130
Kolko, The Triumph of Conservatism, 283-84; see also Frank Harris Blighton, Woodrow Wilson and Co. (New York: Fox Printing House, 1916).
131
Boyer and Morais, Labor's Untold Story, 180β81.
132
Paul Koistinen, Β«The Industrial-Military Complex' in Historical PerspectiveΒ», Journal of American History 56, March 1970, reprinted in Irwin linger (ed.), Beyond Liberalism (Waltham, Mass.: Xerox College Publishing, 1971), 228-29.
133
Boyer and Morais, Labor's Untold Story, 184 and passim.
134
John Higham, Strangers in the Land (Piscataway, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1988), 212 and passim.
135
Robert Murray, Red Scare (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1955), 95-98; Christopher May, In the Name of War (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989).
136
William Appleman Williams, Β«American Intervention in Russia: 1917β1920Β», in David Horowitz (ed.), Containment and Revolution (Boston: Beacon, 1967), 38.
137
Zinn, A People's History, 376; ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ° ΠΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ½Π³ΡΠ°, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ Boyer and Morais, Labor's Untold Story, 237.
138
Charles Eckert, Β«Shirley Temple and the House of RockefellerΒ», in Donald Lazare (ed.), American Media and Mass Culture (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), 174.