Β· 20 Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π»Ρ 1991, Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Ρ Betar/Tagar ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΆΡΠ΅ (Marc Augier) Π² ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅. Π’ΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ² Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ , 67-Π»Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Π°, Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ²Π°Π»Π° Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅. ΠΠ²Π° ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π° Tagar Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ Π½Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π²Π° Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠΏΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ. [103]
Β· Π 1992 Π³. ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π°Π·ΠΈΠ½ Π² ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠ» Π·Π°ΠΊΡΡΡ, Ρ. ΠΊ. ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°Π» ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ° Pierre Guillaume.
Β· 19 ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ±ΡΡ 1992 Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Ρ 30 Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΠ΅ΠΉΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ°Π»Π° ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ±Π»ΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π° Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΈ Π±ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π° Π³ΡΠ°Π½Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π·ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΌ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ "ΠΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²" ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΡΠΆΠ° ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Π‘Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ° ΠΈ ΠΠ΅Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π»Π΄. ΠΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΠ΅ΠΉΡΠ°ΡΠ°, Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π°Π³ΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ±Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ "ΠΡΡΠ·Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΌΡΡ! ΠΡΡΠ·Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΡΡ!" [104]
Β· Π Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π±ΡΠ΅ 1992, ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΠΈΠ³ΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π² ΠΠ·ΡΠ°ΠΈΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ», ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ»Π°Π» ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Ρ ΠΊΠΈΠ»Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ "Π½Π΅ΠΎ-Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²". ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡ "Π₯Π°ΠΉΠ»Ρ ΠΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Ρ" ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ, β Π·Π°ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ» 33-Π»Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°Π²Π²ΠΈΠ½ ΠΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΠ΅Π½-ΠΠΆΠΎΠ·Π΅ΡΠ° [ΠΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΡΠΈΠ½], - ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ±ΠΈΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°. [105] ΠΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΠΈΠ³ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅Π΅Π², β Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ» ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ ΠΠΠ: "ΠΠΈΡΠ° Π·Π° ΠΊΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Ρ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΡ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π΅". [106]
ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π»Π΅Ρ. ΠΠ½ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ.
Π£ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Ρ Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π±Π΅, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΠ·ΡΠ°ΠΈΠ»Ρ, ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΡ ΠΈ Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π¨ΡΠ°ΡΡ. Π Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ ΡΡΡΠ°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π΅Π½Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠ³ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ³ΡΠΎΠ· ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ Π° ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ.
ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ°, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΠΌ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ·ΡΠ°ΠΈΠ»Ρ. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ³ΡΠΎΠ·Ρ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ , Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ.
ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π°. Π‘ΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°, Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π±Π΅Π·Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ½Π°.
ΠΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ "Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ²" Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΊΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. (ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ Π²Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠΊ "Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ°" ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ» Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ. Π 1991 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ» ΠΏΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΠΆΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ° ΠΡΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ "Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ°", ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΡ Π½Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π» Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ 10 ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ Π³Π°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΠ·ΡΠ°ΠΈΠ»Ρ).
ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΡΠ΅Ρ , ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ·Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡ Π½ΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΊ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ , ΡΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Π±Π΅Π·ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π±Π°ΡΠ°Ρ . ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠ³ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ.
ΠΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΡΡΡ, ΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ Π°ΡΠ³ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ. Π Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Ρ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ°, Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½.
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
1. Probably the most useful books about Kahane and the JDL are: The False Prophet: Rabbi Meir Kahane: From FBI Informant to Knesst Member [Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 1990] by American Jewish journalist Robert I. Friedman; and, Heil Kahane [New York: Adama, 1986], by Israeli investigative journalist Yair Kotler
2. Avishai Margalit, "The Violent Life of Yitzhak Shamir," The New York Review of Books, May 14, 1992, pp. 18β24.; Lenni Brenner, Zionism in the Age of the Dictators [1983], pp. 266β269.; L. Brenner, Jews in America Today [Lyle Stuart, 1986], pp. 175β177.; Sol Stern, L. Rapoport, "Israel's Man of the Shadows," Village Voice [New York], July 3, 1984, pp. 13 ff.; Israel Shahak, "Yitzhak Shamir, Then and Now," Middle East Policy, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1992.
3. R. Friedman, The False Prophet [1990], pp. 4, 61β63, 68, 78, 82.
4. Yair Kotler, Heil Kahane, pp. 27β29.; R. Friedman, The False Prophet, pp. 71β75.; J. Kifner, "Meir Kahane," The New York Times, Nov. 6, 1990, p. B 13.
5. R. Friedman, The False Prophet, pp. 85β98.
6. R. Friedman, The False Prophet, pp. 87, 105β108.
7. Y. Kotler, Heil Kahane [1986], pp. 46β51.; R. Friedman, The False Prophet, pp. 121β127.
8. Geoffrey Wigoder, Dictionary of Jewish Biography [New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991], p. 250.
9. "JDL is the second most active terrorist group, FBI says," Orange County Register [Santa Ana], Nov. 19, 1985.; Robert I. Friedman, "Nice Jewish Boys with Bombs: The Return of the JDL," Village Voice [New York], May 6, 1986, pp. 21, 22.
10. New York Times, Nov. 6, 1990, pp. A1, B13.
11. Y. Kotler, Heil Kahane [1986], pp. 184β185.
12. M. Kahane, "Vengeance," The Jewish Press [Brooklyn, NY], June 13, 1980, pp. 36D, 46.
13. The Jewish Press [Brooklyn], Nov. 9, 1973.
14. Jewish Press [Brooklyn], Oct. 1, 1982. Quoted in: Lenni Brenner, Jews in America Today [1986], p. 297.
15. Quoted in: J. Kifner, "Meir Kahane," New York Times, Nov. 6, 1990, p. B 13.
16. Quoted in: B. Lynfield, "Meir Kahane: The Battle Ahead," Midstream, February 1986, p. 18.
17. Meir Kahane, The Story of the Jewish Defense League [1975], p. 5. Quoted in: G. Cromer, "Negotiating the Meaning of the Holocaust," Holocaust and Genocide Studies [Britain], Vol. 2, No. 2, 1987, p. 290.
18. M. Kahane, Our Challenge: The Chosen Land [1974], p. 137. Quoted in: G. Cromer, "Negotiating the Meaning of the Holocaust," Holocaust and Genocide Studies [Britain], Vol. 2, No. 2, 1987, p. 291.
19. R. Friedman, False Prophet, p. 1.
20. J. Kifner, "Meir Kahane," New York Times, Nov. 6, 1990, p. B 13.
21. The Washington Post, August 27, 1985.
22. Y. Kotler, Heil Kahane, p. 195.
23. Y. Kotler, Heil Kahane [1986], pp. 153, 198β212.; See also: Gerald Cromer, "Negotiating the Meaning of the Holocaust," Holocaust and Genocide Studies [Britain], Vol. 2, No. 2, 1987, pp. 292β294.
24. See: Lenni Brenner, Jews in America Today [1986], p. 298.
25. See, for example: Genesis 28:1, 6; Deuteronomy 7:1β3; Leviticus 20: 2, 26; Ezra 9:1β2, 12; Nehemiah 13: 23β30.
26. L. Brenner, Jews in America Today [Secaucus, N.J.: Lyle Stuart, 1986], p. 301.
27. R. Friedman, False Prophet, pp. 115β116, 222β224.; R. Friedman, "Inside the Jewish Terrorist Underground: In the Realm of Perfect Faith," Village Voice, Nov. 12, 1985, p. 19. ["Among the wealthy Jews who have supported the JDL, is Reuben Mattus, the founder and president of HΓ€agen-Dazs ice cream."]
28. Evening Star [Washington, DC], March 1, 1971.
29. R. Friedman, False Prophet, pp. 222, 269β271.
30. R. Friedman, "Nice Jewish Boys with Bombs: The Return of the JDL," Village Voice [New York], May 6, 1986, p. 26.
31. R. Friedman, The False Prophet, p. 147.
32. R. Friedman, The False Prophet, pp. 125, 185.
33. Y. Kotler, Heil Kahane, p. 33.; R. Friedman, False Prophet, pp. 64, 76, 77, 85, 86.
34. See, for example, Kahane's essay, "The 'Guilt' of Jews Threatens Israel," in the New York Times of April 7, 1989.; Kahane's essay "Is Israel's Soul Imperiled? Yes, by Liberal Jews," appeared in the The New York Times of Dec. 20, 1985. Quoted in: L. Brenner, Jews in America Today, pp. 297, 320, n. 25.; Kahane's essay, "Enough Lamentation," apparently appeared in the New York Times of November 2, 1972. Source: The Jewish Defense League: A Cult of Racism and Terror, and a Threat to Arab-Americans, ADC Issues [report] No. 9, published by the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee, Washington, DC [1982?].
35. Y. Kotler, Heil Kahane, pp. 10β11.
36. R. Friedman, The False Prophet, pp. 142β145.; The Jewish Defense League: A Cult of Racism and Terror, and a Threat to Arab-Americans, ADC Issues [report] No. 9, published by the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee, Washington, DC [1982?].
37. Los Angeles Times, May 9, 1972, p. 5.
38. Alfred M. Lilienthal, The Zionist Connection [1979], p. 395.
39. R. Friedman, False Prophet, pp. 178β180.
40. The Jewish Defense League: A Cult of Racism and Terror, and a Threat to Arab-Americans, ADC Issues [report] No. 9, published by the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee, Washington, DC [1982?].
41. Vancouver Sun, July 3, 1978.
42. Washington Post, April 12, 1982.; Village Voice, Oct. 2, 1984.
43. H. W. French, "3 J.D.L. Members Seized in Bombings," New York Times, May 9, 1987.; L. Buder, "Prison for Ex-J.D.L. Chief in Bombing," New York Times, Oct. 27, 1987, p. B3.
44. D. Palermo, "FBI Links JDL to Bomb Death of Arab Leader," Los Angeles Times, Nov. 9, 1985.; A. Dawson, "Terrorism experts puzzled by FBI's finding," Orange County Register [Santa Ana], Nov. 13, 1985, pp. B1, B6.; See also: Robert I. Friedman, "Nice Jewish Boys with Bombs: The Return of the JDL," Village Voice [New York], May 6, 1986, p. 24.
45. K. Reich, "Holocaust Survivor Arrested After Alleged Threats," Los Angeles Times, Jan. 30, 1991.
46. D. Palermo, "FBI Links JDL to Bomb Death of Arab Leader," Los Angeles Times, Nov. 9, 1985.
47. D. Palermo, "FBI Links JDL to Bomb Death of Arab Leader," Los Angeles Times, Nov. 9, 1985.
48. D. Palermo, "FBI Report Links 'Elements' of JDLβ¦," Los Angeles Times, July 3, 1986.; See also: L. Sasaki, "FBI Attributes Fatal Bombing in Santa Ana to 'Extremists'," Los Angeles Times, July 17, 1986.; S. Engelberg, "Official Says F.B.I. Has Suspects in Blasts Laid to Extremist Jews," New York Times, July 17, 1986.
49. R. Friedman, False Prophet, pp. 239 ff., and 248.; R. Friedman, "Did This Man Kill Alex Odeh?" Village Voice, July 12, 1988, pp. 19β21.
50. K. Reich, "Mail-Bomb Suspect Sent Back to U.S.," Los Angeles Times, July 19, 1993.
51. G. Dillow, "Mail-Bombing Suspect a Man of Many Faces," Los Angeles Times, August 5, 1993.; K. Reich, "Mail-Bomb Suspect Sent Back to U.S.," Los Angeles Times, July 19, 1993.
52. "Mail-Bombing Suspectβ¦," Los Angeles Times, Aug. 5, 1993.
53. "FBI Memo: Israelis Hampering Probe," The Washington Post, Nov. 19, 1987, p. A 19.; "FBI Memos Accuse Israelβ¦," Los Angeles Times [Orange County ed.], Nov. 19, 1987, p. II/1.;
The Manning case was the subject of two revealing articles in the influential Jewish community weekly Jewish Press [Brooklyn], July 5, 1991. The first, "Israel's Chief Rabbinate: Torah Law Forbids Extradition of Mannings" [p. 2], reported that leading Israeli rabbis had declared that the extradition of Robert Manning and his wife from Israel to the United States would be a violation of Jewish "Torah Law," or Halacha. The article went on: "Rabbi Shaul Yisraeli, a prominent member of the Chief Rabbinate, said that he always had opposed the extradition agreement Israel has with other countries because it is contrary to Torah Law." The second article, "More On the Mannings: What the Feds Are Really After" [p. 56C], related: "The [Jewish] Shulchan Aruch and the Rambam state explicitly that it is absolutely forbidden to send a Jew into the hands of a Gentile. In the words of the Rambam, 'It is forbidden to send a Jew into the hands of the Gentile, be it his money or his bodyβ¦one who does so has no portion in the World to Come'."