ΠΠ·ΡΠ°ΠΈΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ. Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π° ΠΊ Π°Π½Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ. Π ΠΠ·ΡΠ°ΠΈΠ»Π΅ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ½Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ 20 Π»Π΅Ρ. ΠΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅Ρ , ΠΊΡΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π΅Ρ Π² ΠΠ·ΡΠ°ΠΈΠ»Π΅ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅. ΠΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π²ΡΒ° Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊ Π°Π½Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅Ρ , ΠΊΡΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π΅Ρ Π² ΠΠ·ΡΠ°ΠΈΠ»Π΅ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° Ρ Π°ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ?Π° Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΈΠ±Π±ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ? Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ±Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎ Π·Π° ΡΡΠΎΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎ 75. ΠΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ. Π― ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Ρ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅ Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²Π°Π»Π°, ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ: Π² Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, Π² Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π² Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠ°ΠΊ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ, ΠΊΠΈΠ±Π±ΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π±Π°Π½Π΄Ρ. Π― ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π» ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ ΠΈΠΏΠΏΠΈ Π² 60-Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π·Π° ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΠ±Π±ΡΡΠΎΠ². Π 70-Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π² Π‘Π¨Π ΡΠΆΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΎ 1000 ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 2000 Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΈΡ . ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ 8-10 ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ², Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Ρ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΆΒ°Π½ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π° ΠΈΠ· 80 Π΄ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π³Π»Π°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌ. Π Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ 1993 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΡΠ° Π²ΠΎΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΎ Π·ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π° Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π»Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π²Π·ΡΡΡ Π΅Β° ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ³Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π°ΡΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ³Π½Π΅. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ , ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ. Π― Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠ° I Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ° ΠΠ²Π²Π°ΠΊΡΠΌΠ°, ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ. ΠΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΉΡΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠ± ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π.Π.ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠ³ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (1831 - 1881) ?Π₯ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Π°?.
Π’ΠΠ Π ΠΠ
?ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ
Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΈ, Π° Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡ, Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ
Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½. ΠΡΠ΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ, Π° ΠΎΠ½Π°
ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°, ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π΅Β° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²
Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Ρ?.
ΠΠΆΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΆ ΠΡΡΡΠ»Π». ?1984?
Π§ΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π²Π·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Ρ Π·Π΄Π΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ.
Copyright - 1992 Grolier Electronic Publishing, Inc.
terrorism
Terrorism is the sustained, clandestine use of violence, including
murder, kidnapping, hijacking, and bombings, to achieve a
political purpose. Definitions in the U.S. Intelligence and
Surveillance Act of 1979 and the United Kingdom Prevention of
Terrorism Act of 1976 stress the use of violence to coerce or
intimidate the civilian population with a view to affecting
government policy. In popular usage, however, as influenced by
politicians and the media, "terrorism" is now increasingly used as
a generic term for all kinds of political violence, especially as
manifested in revolutionary and guerrilla warfare.
Nevertheless, not all political violence short of conventional war
is terrorism. Political assassination may or may not be a
terrorist act, depending on the degree of commitment to a
sustained program of terror. Assassinations of Tsar Alexander II
and other prominent figures in imperial Russia by nihilists and
social revolutionaries were part of a sustained program of
violence aimed at bringing down the Tsarist regime and as such
were terrorist acts. On the other hand, the assassinations of
Presidents Abraham Lincoln and John F. Kennedy, while undoubtedly
political in motive, were not part of a sustained program and
hence cannot properly be called terrorism. The term is
inappropriate as applied to the suicide attacks of religious
fanatics on military personnel in a war zone, as in the case of
the bombings of U.S. Marine and French Foreign Legion bunkers in
Lebanon in 1983, although not to the bombings of the U. S. Embassy
(1983-84).
The deliberate killing of civilians to intimidate the civilian
population or government is one of the worst features of
contemporary terrorism and can clearly be distinguished from the
type of clandestine warfare waged by resistance groups or
insurgency movements against official and military targets. By
their actions, the PALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANIZATION (PLO) and the
Provisional Wing of the IRISH REPUBLICAN ARMY are terrorist
organizations. But one would not use the term to describe the
Polish and French underground resistance movements of World War
II. When governments engage in illegal and clandestine kidnapping
and murder to intimidate their people--as in the case of the Nazis
in Germany and the Argentine military junta in power from 1976 to
1983--the term "state terrorism" is appropriate.
One important characteristic of modern terrorism is its quest for
spectacular horror effects in order to attract media coverage.
Terrorist atrocities like the PLO's midair destruction of civilian
airliners and murder of helpless athletes at the 1972 Olympics and
school children were perpetrated to publicize a cause. Most of the
victims of the Italian Red Brigades and the German Baader-Meinhof
gang were selected for symbolic reasons.
Another characteristic of modern terrorism is its international
dimension--the ability of terrorists to slip across national
frontiers, the support given to certain terrorist groups by a few
countries dedicated to revolutionary change, and logistical ties
that exist between terrorist groups of widely divergent ideologies
and objectives. The 1985 hijacking by Palestinians of the Italian
cruise ship Achille Lauro off Egypt, and the murder of a U. S.
passenger, dramatized the international ramifications of
terrorism.
Whereas prevention of domestic terrorism is in general the
province of local law enforcement agencies or security forces, at
the international level effective counterterrorist action runs
into obstacles raised by traditional concepts of national
sovereignty. In theory, perpetrators of crimes in one country can,
if apprehended in another country, be extradited for trial, and
there is hardly a terrorist crime imaginable that is not well
covered by criminal statutes. In practice, law enforcement
officials tend to give foreign fugitives from justice a low
priority. Moreover, a well-established exception for political
offenses may protect from extradition all but the perpetrators of
the most egregious crimes. Hence, terrorist organizations
consistently strive for political status, while governments seek
to treat terrorists as common criminals.
In recent years international efforts to counter terrorism have
led to the Tokyo and Montreal Conventions (1963 and 1971) on
hijacking and sabotage of civilian aircraft; the Hague Convention
of 1979 on hostage-taking; and the 1973 convention on crimes
against diplomats. These conventions establish categories of
international crimes that are punishable by any state regardless
of the nationality of criminal or victim or locality of the
offense. In addition, the United States and other nations have
enacted laws to prohibit export of munitions without a license or
participation of citizens in foreign conflicts.
In 1986, President Ronald Reagan accused Libya of carrying out
terrorist attacks against U.S. citizens and property. Following
one such attack, in which an American soldier was killed, Reagan
ordered U.S. military forces to attack "terrorist-related" targets
in Libya. U.S. Air Force and Navy planes bombed a number of sites
in and around the Libyan cities of Tripoli and Benghazi. Soon
afterward, seven Western industrial democracies pledged themselves
to take joint action against terrorism. These nations are the
United States, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Canada, France, and
Japan. They promised to deny terrorist suspects entry into their
countries, to bring about close cooperation between the police and
security forces in their countries, to place strict restrictions
on diplomatic missions suspected of being involved in terrorism,
and to cooperate in a number of other ways. These steps
represented a concerted effort by the Western nations to combat
terrorism "as an instrument of government policy."
In democracies, the need to protect civil liberties, the
difficulty of proving conspiracy, and the devastating nature of
terrorist outrages have shifted the emphasis from deterrence to
prevention. Today, by general consensus the most effective means
of frustrating terrorist activity is through detailed intelligence
obtained primarily by penetration of terrorist networks.
Charles Maechling, Jr.
ΠΡΠ°ΠΊ, ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ Charles Maechling, Jr. ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ?ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ?. Π£Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π±Π°Π½Π΄Ρ ΠΈ Π±Π°Π½Π΄Ρ Ρ ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π£ Ρ ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅Ρ ?ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ?. ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΠΠ½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ, Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Ρ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π» Π±Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ. ΠΠΎ 70-Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π» ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ. Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΠ½ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠΎΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π§ΡΠΎ ΠΆ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ?ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ?? ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π΄ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, ΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π° ΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π½Π΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ»Ρ. ΠΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡΡ Π΅ΠΌΡ Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡ ΠΈ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ?ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ»Ρ?. Π’Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ Π²ΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π΄ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ, Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ»Ρ. ΠΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π·Π°Ρ Π²Π°ΡΡ Π°ΡΠ°Π±ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π·Π°Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ 11 ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠΈΠ°Π΄Π΅ Π² ΠΡΠ½Ρ Π΅Π½Π΅. Π£ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ ?ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ?. Π‘Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ Π°ΡΠ°Π±ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΒ° Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ.
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π±Π°Π½Π΄Π° ΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π΅Ρ
ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°Ρ Π±Π°Π½Π΄Π° ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½Π°Ρ. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°Π½Π΄Ρ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅, Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΡΡ.
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π±Π°Π½Π΄Π° ΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠ°, Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ
ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°Ρ Π±Π°Π½Π΄Π° ?ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ?. Π£ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°Π½Π΄Ρ
?ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ?.
Π§Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°Π½Π΄Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ Π°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π»ΡΠ·Ρ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π±Π°Π½Π΄ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ . ΠΠ½Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π°ΠΌ ?ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ? Π±Π°Π½Π΄ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π» ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ Ρ: ?ΠΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π²Ρ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΠΌ-ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ Π±Π°Π½Π΄? Π’Π΅ Ρ ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅?.
ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡ Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½ Π½Π΅Π½Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Ρ, ΡΠΎ ?ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ? ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΌΠ²ΠΎΠ»Ρ. Π‘ΠΈΠΌΠ²ΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π΄Π²ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ². Π ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎ:
Π²ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ
Π³ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½Π΅ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π°