100
Christopher Anthony Matthew. A Storm of Spears: A Reappraisal of Hoplite Combat (London: Pen and Sword, 2010), 295, citing Pausanias, 8.10.7.
101
Lazenby. Hannibal's War, 128; ΠΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠΉΠ½Π° Ρ ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠ±Π°Π»ΠΎΠΌ, 23.29.
102
Gaebel. Cavalry Operations, 264β267.
103
Gaebel. Cavalry Operations, 265. ΠΠΎΡΠ½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΉ ΠΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΡ. ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠ±Π°Π», 13.3.
104
Gaebel. Cavalry Operations, 265; ΠΠ΅Π³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΉ. Π Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅, 3.62.
105
ΠΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΠΌΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠ±Π°Π»Π° Π²Π·ΡΡΠ° ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡ Β«ΠΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΒ», ΠΊΠ½. 6, 19β42 (Β«Π ΠΈΠΌΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Β») β ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ. ΠΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΠΎΠΉΠ½Π° Ρ ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠ±Π°Π»ΠΎΠΌ, Π½Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ. Π ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π΅ 8.8 Π΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠΆΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ William Smith, ed.. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (London: John Murray, 1854), Exercitus, 481β511. ΠΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ β Adcock F. E. The Roman Art of War under the Republic (Cambridge. MA: Harvard University Press, 1940); Lawrence Keppie. The Making of the Roman Army: From the Republic to Empire (London: Batsford, 1984); Peter Connolly. Greece and Rome at War (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: PrenticeHall, 1981); John Worry. Warfare in the Classical World (London: Salamander Books, 1980); Adrian Goldsworthy. Roman Warfare (London: Cassell, 2000) ΠΈ The Roman Army at War 100 BC-AD 200 (Oxford. UK: Clarendon Press, 1996); Gilliver C.M. The Roman Art of War (Stroud, UK: Tempus Publishing, 1999). ΠΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Π°Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΠΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° Cornell, Rankov, and Sabin. The Second Punic War.
106
William Smith. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (Π‘ΠΌΠΈΡ Π£. Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ), 490β491.
107
Meiklejohn. Roman Strategy and Tactics, 170β173.
108
Β«ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»Π΄Π°Ρ Π² Π»Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»Π΄Π°Ρ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ (Π³Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΡ, Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ) ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ, Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π² ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΌΡ 600Β». Smith. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, 496.
109
Richard A. Gabriel. No More Heroes: Madness and Psychiatry in War (New York: Hill and Wang, 1987), 79β88. Dave Grossman. On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society (Boston: Little Brown, 1995), ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ±ΠΈΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. Charles Jean Jacques Joseph Ardant du Picq. Primitive and Ancient Combat, Battle Studies: Ancient and Modern Battle, trans. Col. John N. Greely and Maj. Robert C. Cotton (Harrisburg. PA: Military Service Publishing Company, 1947), chapter I.
110
ΠΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π. Π’Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΡ IVβII Π²Π². Π΄ΠΎ Π½. Ρ., ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π· ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΌΠ»ΡΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠ°.
111
ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠ° Π² ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π΅ Peter Connolly. Pilum, Gladius, and Pugio in the Late Republic, Journal of Roman Military, Equipment Studies 8 (1997): 41β57.
112
Bagnall. The Punic Wars, 26.
113
Daniel A. Fournie. Harsh Lessons: Roman Intelligence in the Hannibalic War, International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 17 (2004): 512.
114
Daniel A. Fournie. Harsh Lessons: Roman Intelligence in the Hannibalic War, International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 17 (2004): 512. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ Π² ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π΅: Austin and Boris Rankov N.J.E. Exploratio: Military and Political Intelligence in the Roman World from the Second Punic War to the Battle of Adrianople (London: Routledge, 1995).
115
ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡΠ° ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Sabin. The Mechanics of Battle (Π€ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΏ Π‘Π°Π±ΠΈΠ½. ΠΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π±ΠΎΡ), 70β78.
116
Sabin. The Mechanics of Battle, 77.
117
Sabin. The Mechanics of Battle, 77.
118
Sabin. The Mechanics of Battle, 77.
119
Richard A. Gabriel and Karen S. Metz. Death Wounds and Injury, in From Sumer to Rome: The Military Capabilities of Ancient Armies (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1991), 83β95. Richard A. Gabriel. Siegecraft and Artillery. The Ancient World, Soldierβs Lives through History series (Westport. CT: Greenwood Press, 2007), chapter 18.
120
Sabin. The Mechanics of Battle, 65. Π― ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΡ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Gabriel. Scipio Africanus, ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π‘ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ.
121
Sabin. The Mechanics of Battle, 66.
122
Sabin. The Face of Roman Battle, 1-17.
123
Krentz. Casualties in Hoplite Battles, 13β20, ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ 5 ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΈ 11 ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°Π»Π° Π² Π»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠΊΡ, ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΊΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ. Gabriel and Metz. From Sumer to Rome, 83β91; Goldsworthy. The Roman Army at War, 222.
124
Sabin. The Face of Roman Battle, 14.
125
ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ° Π±ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Ρ Goldsworthy, The Roman Army at War, 222, ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π€ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΌ Π‘Π°Π±ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΈΡΠ²Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΠ°ΠΌΠ΅, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΎΠ½ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ Β«ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°Ρ Β» ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ .
126
Sabin. The Face of Roman Battle, 14.
127
ΠΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠΉΠ½Π° Ρ ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠ±Π°Π»ΠΎΠΌ, 1.43. R. J. Forbes. Studies in Ancient Technology (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1964), 96.
128
Jonathan P. Roth. The Logistics of the Roman Army at War: 264 B.C.-A.D 235 (Boston: E. J. Brill, 1999), 87.
129
Jonathan P. Roth. The Logistics of the Roman Army at War: 264 B.C.-A.D 235 (Boston: E. J. Brill, 1999), 66β67. ΠΠ½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»Π΄Π°ΡΠ°: 850 Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠ² Π·Π΅ΡΠ½Π°, 50 Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠ² Π±ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ², 30 Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠ°, 40 Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π°, 30 Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ 20 Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ 1020 Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠ². Donald W. Engels. Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978), ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅.
130
Josephus. The Jewish War, trans. G.A. Williamson (Oxford, UK: Penguin, 1959), 1.395.
131
Roth. The Logistics of the Roman Army at War, 83.
132
Π ΠΈΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π±ΡΠ» Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ: ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠΆΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ Π»Π°Π³Π΅ΡΡ, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΊΡΡ ΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·, ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΌΠΈΠΈ. Π‘ΠΎΠ»Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ Β«ΠΌΡΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΡΒ».
133
Roth. The Logistics of the Roman Army at War, 83.
134
Roth. The Logistics of the Roman Army at War, 126.
135
Roth. The Logistics of the Roman Army at War, 128.
136
ΠΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠΉΠ½Π° Ρ ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠ±Π°Π»ΠΎΠΌ, 27.12.
137
Ann Hyland. Equus: The Horse in the Roman World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990), 92.
138
Roth. The Logistics of the Roman Army at War, 133.
139
ΠΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠΉΠ½Π° Ρ ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠ±Π°Π»ΠΎΠΌ, 26.43.
140
Keith Hopkins. Taxes and Trade in the Roman Empire (200 B.C. to A.D. 400), Journal of Roman Studies 70 (1980): 86 ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±Π». 2. Donald V. Sippel. Some Observations on the Means and Costs of the Transport of Bulk Commodities in the Late Republic and Early Empire. Ancient World 16(1987): 37.
141
Roth. The Logistics of the Roman Army at War, 182.
142
Roth. The Logistics of the Roman Army at War, 187.
143
White K.D. Roman Farming (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1970), 295.
144
James D. Anderson. Roman Military Supply in North East England, British Archaeological Reports, 224 (1992): 15.
145
Hyland. Equus: The Horse in the Roman World, 71β72.
146
White. Roman Farming, 132.
147
Emmett M. Essin. Mules, Packs, and Packtrains, Southwestern Historical Quarterly 74, no. I (1970): 54.
148
Gabriel and Metz. From Sumer to Rome, 25.
149
Bernard S. Bachrach. Animals and Warfare in Early Medieval Europe, in Armies and Politics in the Early Medieval West, ed. Bernard S. Bachrach (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Variorum, 1993), 717.
150
Connolly. Greece and Rome at War, 135.
151
Marcus Junkelmann. Die Legionen des Augustus: Der romische Soldat im Archaeologischen Experiment (Mainz, Germany: Philipp von Zabern, 1986), 34.
152
Engels. Alexander the Great, table 7, 153.
153
ΠΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠΉΠ½Π° Ρ ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠ±Π°Π»ΠΎΠΌ, 11.16. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π° Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π·Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΌΡΡΠΎ, Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΈΠΌΠ»ΡΠ½Π΅ Π½Π΅ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π΄Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ .
154
Engels. Alexander the Great, 13, note 42.