Asiatic Eskimos and Coastal Chukchi did not raise special war dogs. However they were using same huskies during military operations of necessity. These animals had several functions. They were guarding dwelling doing ordinary dog's task. Dogs were intended to fight against men in case of attack or pursuit. Finally, considering the brute of predator, dogs were set on reindeer of enemy caravan, thereby taking away hostile transport and causing disorder among people, warriors attacked caravan and followed inevitable defeat of the riders.
Siege and defence. The Reindeer Chukchi, like any nomads at all, had no developed skills of erecting fortifications. They conducted military operations reckoning on surprise, even in spite of the tradition to declare war. The nomadic Chukchi made use of temporary dwelling only, both natural and artificial, as their campaigns were not counted on any long-term siege or defence because the natural conditions and lack of provision laid obstacles to them. They built fortified refuges only in case of serious menaces from the enemy. For erecting such just material at hand was utilized, viz. sledges, skins, stones, and turf. Inhabitants together with herds tried to leave and to find some safe place. If enemy superior in numbers Chukchi preferred to defend from fortifications. Otherwise, war ethos demanded to meet enemy face to face at the battlefield. The main method of defence was shooting arrows from fortifications with the object of inflicting great losses on foe and forcing them to retreat. The storm, a main method of the siege, could be directed both along the entire perimeter of hostile fortification and against their weakest points. No special siege equipment was at Chikchi's disposal. Its lack was replaced by a number of various tricks. Sometimes, when conducting siege operations the Chukchi could make use of big wooden shields to protect themselves form the Russian bullets. After enemy departure temporary fortifications were dismantled. The Maritime Chukchi and Eskimos erected stone fortifications on the heights dominating in area and waited there till the raid was over. Typical way to defend fortification was to slide down sledges laden with stones towards attacking enemy.
Naval warfare. Chukchi learned basic elements of seafaring from the Eskimos who were skilled in navigation. They used baydars as transport for the landing operations and not for the naval battle. There was no any difference between boat crew and passengers, both were soldiers. As well as in land warfare in naval expeditions Chukchi used natural conditions and time to make sudden attacks with small crew that helped to avoid undesirable losses. After the landing they began to operate as in usual land fight. In raid usually participated few baydars, however, exist record of large fleet of 100 baydars (the 18th century).
Religious realm of warfare. Making war man suffers from great psychological burden, Chukchi tried to reduce pressure with the help of narcotics. Probably, before fight they were eating flyagarics to reach light intoxication. Chukchi were not afraid of death, contrary they crave for it. This could be explained by their belief in afterlife and transmigration. This belief, however, did not exclude bearing of numerous amulets, which protected person from evil spirits. In the war was used special military magic: different kinds of spells, bedevil the enemy, sorcery in finding the right road or bringing fog or storm. Before fight Chukchi sacrificed some reindeer to the spirit of the area. In the 18th βbeginning of the 19th century occurred human sacrifices, but in extraordinary situations.
Prisoners. Women and children were taken prisoners, as males including elders were annihilated. At the end of the 18th century coastal inhabitants had women slaves from Eskimos of Alaska who were captured in sea raids. These women married poor men or they were sold to the Reindeer Chukchi. For example, one slave for either twelve young female reindeer or ten female reindeer and two riding reindeer; children were even cheaper. Usually, there were just few slaves in kin group because of the ransom. Few days after the raid relatives were visiting victors and ransom prisoners. Sometimes there were cases when killer rendered his relative to the family of dead man, and who fulfil family needs instead of the killed. Chukchi did not yield themselves, they preferred to perish or commit suicide together with their families. Captured enemy was tortured. Probably, originally these tortures had a ritual nature but already in folklore they were explained by vengeance. Usually captured enemy leader was tortured because he was the one who was responsible for the damage and prejudice to Chukchi.
Translated by Anthon Xenophontov
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
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ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ 216 ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π. Π. ΠΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π² 20 ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Π°Ρ (ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² 1956: 8, 14). Π ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π. Π‘. Π ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ (1954) ΠΈΠ· 45 ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΊ Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ (β 16) ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎ Π½Π°Π±Π΅Π³Π΅ Π²ΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ , Π² ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΠ° Π Π. ΠΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½Π° (2000) Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ· 77 ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π±Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡ. Π‘ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Β«Π²ΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Β», ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ, Π° Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π±Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΊΠ°Ρ , ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π² Π°Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ .
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ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ Π. Π¨Π²Π°ΠΉΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ Π. Π. ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΎ (2001), Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΡΠ΅ ΠΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΡ ΠΎ Π½Π°Π±Π΅Π³Π°Ρ Π°Π·ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΆΠ° Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΊ Π»Π°Π½Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (ΡΡ.: Burch 1998: 127β28, 221β30).
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Π ΡΠΎΠΆΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΎΠ± Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ½Π΅ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉ: Hough W. Primitive American Armor // Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution for the Year Ending June 30, 1893. Washington, 1895. P. 625β651.
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ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½Ρ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ-ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡ Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅, Π° Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΠΆ, ΡΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΠ» Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, Ρ ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ Π±ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΈ.
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ΠΠ· Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π² Π΄ΡΡ Π΅ Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΡΡΠ½Π΅Π² 1995.
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ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π. Π‘. ΠΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π΅Π² (1957: 51), ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΡΠ½Π°, ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°, ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ» 1500β1800 Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ² (ΡΡ.: ΠΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ²Π° 1957: 117), Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΡΠ½ β ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 2000 ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½Π΅ΠΉ (ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρβ’ 1929: 47).
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ΠΠ΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ» Π. Π‘. ΠΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π΅Π² (1957: 67, 80), ΡΡΠΊΡΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΄ΠΎ 400. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ·Π½Π°Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΌΡ Π½Π° ΡΡ Π΅, Π° Β«Π² Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΒ» (ΡΡ.: ΠΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ³ΠΈ 1777: 79 (ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ )).
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Π Π‘ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ Π² Π΄Π²ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ 250β400 ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ (ΠΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ², Π‘Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅Π΅Π² 1975: 112; Hughes 1984a: 251).
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Π ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΊΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π» ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ Π±Π΅Π΄Π½ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ² (ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² 1959: 436; ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² 1965: 166).
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ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ» Π. Π. ΠΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π· (18996: 31), ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ 3000 ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠ½ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ» Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΡ ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½, ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ²ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ».
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Π Β«ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΊΠ΅Β» ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ², Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· 40 Π»Π΅Ρ, Π² 1772 Π³., ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΡΠ»Π° ΡΠΆΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎ 3000 (ΠΡΠ΅Π² 2001: 26). ΠΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅ΠΎ (1895: 116, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ. 2), Π² ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ Π²Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅.
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Π‘ΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π. Π. ΠΠ΅ΡΡ Ρ (1819: 15), ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π±ΠΎΡ Π±ΡΠ»Π° 3000 Π²ΠΎΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ΄ Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (ΠΡΠ΅Π² 2001: 27, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ. 71).
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ΠΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌ. Π ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ 1751 Π³. ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ Π. Π¨Π°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°Π½Ρ ΠΠ½Π°Π΄ΡΡΡΠΊΠ°, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΅ΠΌΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΉ (Π¨Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ² 1864: 67). Π. Π‘ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΡΡ ΡΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ XVIII Π². ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 3000 (Saner 1802: 105). Π‘ΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ Π. Π. ΠΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ (1830: 99), ΡΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ 10 000 (Π¨Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ 1822: 291). ΠΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π. ΠΠ°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ (1894: 215), Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² 1860β1870-Ρ Π³Π³. Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 5000 (ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ 1850: 158). Π. ΠΡΠ³Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² (1857Π°: 16; 1886: 13) ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π», ΡΡΠΎ Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ XIX Π². ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ 5000β7000, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ° 20 000 (ΠΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ 1852: 348; Π‘Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ 1852: 143). Π 1911 Π³. Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ 9000β10 000 ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ ΠΈ 3000 ΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΡΡ ΡΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΉ, Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠ² (ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΄ΡΠ±Π½ΡΠΉ 1914: 95). ΠΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π’Π°ΠΊ, Π. Π‘. ΠΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ (1966: 117) ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² XVIII Π². ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΡΡ ΡΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ, ΠΏΠΎ 4000 ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ. Π. Π. ΠΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΈΡ (1960: 549β554, 576; 1967: 13), Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ 1897 Π³., Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π» Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ XVII Π². ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠ² 4000, Π° ΡΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΉ 2000. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ 1897 Π³. ΡΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ 11 795, ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ 8869 Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΌΠΈ, Π° 2841 ΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π»ΠΈΡΡ 783 ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ; ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ 1099 ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ (Π‘Π΅ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² 1914: 156, 166). Π‘ΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ 1926/27 Π³. ΡΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ 12 364 ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ 70 % β ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅, Π° 30 % βΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΡΠ΅ (ΠΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ²Π°, ΠΡΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π° 1956: 897).
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ΠΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ³ΡΠΎΠ·Π΅ Π² 1852 Π³. ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠ° ΠΡΠ²ΡΠΊ Π½Π° ΠΌ. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡ Π²ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ 300 ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ 80 Π²ΠΎΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ² β 27 % Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ (Burch 1998: 89).
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Π£Π±ΠΈΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ (ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄) ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ, Π° Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌ (ΠΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΈΠΊ 1989: 46, 95, ΡΡ. 1988: 76β82, ΠΡΠ°Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π²Π° 1999: 178).
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Π£ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²-ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π² ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° ΡΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ» ΡΡΡΠ΅Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ, Π° ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³Π° (ΠΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠΊ, ΠΠΎΠ΄Π·Π°ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π²Π° 2000. β 20: 91, Β§ 3).
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ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅Π» Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² (ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² 1951: 179 (ΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ); ΠΠΎΠ·Π»ΠΎΠ²Π° 1956: 252 (ΡΠΊΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΡ); 297 (ΡΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ)).
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ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ³ΡΡ Π² ΠΌΡΡ Π. Π. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ (1929: 28) ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΉ Β«Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠΊΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΌΡΡΠΎΠΌΒ», ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π΄Π²Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΡΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠΌ.
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Π ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ². Π₯ΡΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠ², Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π² 1987. 138.
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Π ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ 3. Π. Π’ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ 10 Π΄ΡΠΉΠΌΠΎΠ² β 25 ΡΠΌ. Π¦ΠΈΡΡΠ°, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ Π. Π‘. ΠΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΌ (4 Π΄ΡΠΉΠΌΠ°), ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ· Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ Π°, Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ.
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Π ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊ Β«Π‘ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ± ΠΠ»Π΅Π½Π΄ΠΈ ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡ Β» Π. Π. ΠΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π· (1899: 366, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ. 7) ΠΌΠΈΠΌΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΊΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ· Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡ, Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ.
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Π€. Π Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°Π» Π»Π΅Π²ΡΡ ΡΡΠΊΡ, ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ (Ratzel 1887: 198). ΠΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎ-Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΌΡ, ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠΈ.