Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π‘Π¨Π: ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π²Π°Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π°. Π‘Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠΈ Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΠ° ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ° Π€ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΎ / Russia and the United States: perceiving each other. In Memory of the Academician Alexander A. Fursenko
Π Π΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅Π³ΠΈΡ:
Π‘. Π. ΠΡΠ°Π΅Π², Π. Π. ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ² (ΠΎΡΠ². ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΡ), Π. Π. ΠΠ°Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΎ (ΠΎΡΠ². ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ), Π. Π. ΠΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ², William G. Rosenberg (American co-editor)
Π Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π·Π΅Π½ΡΡ:
Π΄. ΠΈ. Π½. Π. Π. ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ², Π΄. ΠΈ. Π½. Π. Π. Π ΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²
Β© ΠΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ² Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², 2015
Β© Π‘ΠΠ±ΠΠ Π ΠΠ, 2015
Β© ΠΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Β«ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡ-ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΒ», 2015
* * *Π. Π. Π€ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΎ. ΠΡΡ-ΠΠΎΡΠΊ, 1981. Π€ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΠΆΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ ΠΠΎΠΌΠ±Π°ΡΠ΄
ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΠ° ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ° Π€ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΎ. ΠΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΡ ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠ°ΠΌ. Π. Π. Π€ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ½ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π‘Π¨Π, ΠΈ Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΡΠ΄Ρ Π. Π. Π€ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ Π² ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎ/ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎ-Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π’Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°. ΠΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅Π³ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π. Π. Π€ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΎ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ Π² Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² 2000 Π³. Π’Π΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π² ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ, ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠΈΠ» ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Ρ Π. Π. Π€ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΎ. ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠ½Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π»Π΅Ρ Π½Π°Π·Π°Π΄, Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ² ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ Π. Π. Π€ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π² ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π² ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ.
Π‘Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅Π³ΠΈ Π. Π. Π€ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΎ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡ Π·Π΄Π΅ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎ ΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡ Ρ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΆΠΈΠ», ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π°, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π‘Π¨Π ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ. Π ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎ-Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅Π³ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ, ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ Π±Ρ, ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π°, ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅Π³, ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π·Π΄Π΅ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ Π. Π. Π€ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΎ. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ , ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ½ Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° Π ΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π² Π‘Π¨Π Π΄Π²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π»Π΅Ρ ΡΠΏΡΡΡΡ. Π Π°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΆΠ°Π½ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΌ Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΡ Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ» ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ Π. Π. Π€ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΎ. Π ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ· Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ² Π. Π. Π€ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ Π. Π. ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°.
ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΉ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΡ Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΉ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ, ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΄Ρ ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ Π€ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΎ.
Preface
Alexander Alexandrovich Fursenko was a greatly admired colleague of all the contributors to this volume and many, many more, both within Russia and abroad. His interests were wide ranging, his energy prodigious, and his commitment to historical scholarship and its importance to understanding the contemporary world was as passionate as it was productive. For many of us from the βfar abroadβ who came to know him well over the years, he also mirrored our own interests in linking our different scholarly communities in collaboration, mutual respect, and friendship. Always welcoming, but always also tough minded, A. A. left a lasting mark on the Institute of History in St. Petersburg as well as Russian and American historiography. By bringing his colleagues and friends together once again in his memory, this volume is a fitting reflection of the admiration and appreciation all of us felt for his generous investments in our intellectual and even personal well-being.
Those who are not familiar with American historiography may not know that A. A.βs own scholarship as a Russian Americanist was also greatly admired in that often less than generous scholarly environment. As I have detailed elsewhere,[1] the first major English language review of the work of Soviet Americanists in the American Historical Review described his early work as βsuperbβ.[2] In part this was because like other leading representatives of the βSt. Petersburg Schoolβ, Alexander Alexandrovich was devoted to archival work and documentary sources. His contributions consequently carried great weight, even as his approach often differed from that of historians of America within the United States.
A. A. was also an influential historian, however, because his scholarship increasingly touched on matters of seminal importance to American historical understanding. A review of his book on oil trust and international politics (ΠΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°, 1880-Π΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρβ1918 Π³. Π.βΠ., 1965) admired his scholarly independence and urged all American scholars interested in the subject to read this impressive and substantial book.[3] This was also true of his later work on the American revolution (regarded by one distinguished American historian as βone of the best booksβ among the dozens published at the time of the revolutionary bicentennial[4]); the 19th century βoil warsβ, translated by Gregory Freeze (received as a βtour de force);[5] and especially his masterful last major work on the Cuban missile crisis, published in English under the title βOne Hell of a Gambleβ: Khrushchev, Castro, and Kennedy, 1958β1964.[6]
Although co-authored with Timothy Naftali, who studied the crisis from the American side, the importance of this work came almost entirely from A. A.βs careful work on Khrushchev and the Soviet engagement, using previously unknown archival materials. Within a year of its publication, the book was recognized by its American readers as one of the most important volumes ever written in the extensive historiography of Cold War politics. Within a year it had received more than 30 reviews not only in scholarly journals, but also in mass circulation magazines and leading newspapers like Business Week, Foreign Affairs, London Review of Books, New York Times, Philadelphia Inquirer, Washington Post, Wall Street Journal, and Los Angeles Times. The prestigious Wilson Quarterly called it βa treasure trove of a book[7]β. The New York Times named it one of the countryβs βnotable books of the year for 1997β, an unusual recognition and honor.[8]
Why this was so tells us much about Alexander Alexandrovichβs qualities as a scholar. Before the publication of βOne Hell of a Gambleβ, American historians largely interpreted the Cuban missile crisis as the consequence of great power strategies, perceptions, ideologies, and collective leadership wills, well developed and collectively shared, and informed by extensive and reasonably reliable intelligence.[9] A. A.βs careful archival work undermined most if not all of these explanations. By carefully mustering his evidence and presenting his arguments in clear unvarnished prose, he managed to persuade general American readers and scholars alike how perilous and unstable the crisis actually was, and how American historians themselves had misunderstood some fundamental elements of Soviet-American relations.
In contrast to a commonly held view, for example, one of A. A.βs most interesting discoveries was that the status of Berlin actually had little to do with the Soviet move on Cuba. Far from being a carefully thought out part of a collective Soviet leadershipβs great power strategy, as most American scholars assumed, the decision to send the missiles to Cuba was a rather impetuous one made essentially by Khrushchev alone, with only the full confidence and support of Rodion Malinovskii, his aggressive Minister of Defense. A. A. not only showed that Soviet intelligence on Cuba was rather dismal, especially that coming from the KGB, but that American intelligence was not much better. As a result, there was a real possibility that a tactical conflict might have rapidly escalated into something far worse than either the American or Soviet leaders initially imagined, especially since the Soviet commander in Cuba may well have had far greater authority of the use of his weapons than Kennedy and his advisors suspected. In other words, A. A.βs research showed that the Cuban Missile Crisis was βone hell of a gambleβ not as Kennedy used the phrase in responding to his advisersβ calls to invade Cuba and remove both Soviet presence and Castro regime by the strongest possible use of force, but in terms of the way the crisis itself spun out of control, leaving the world a hairsbreadth away from thermonuclear catastrophe.
Alexander Alexandrovich Fursenko is thus remembered by his many American colleagues as a Soviet-trained scholar whose work managed to show that however structural the underpinnings of historical development, whether understood in Marxist or other forms, there are critical moments in history when historical outcomes are largely if not totally contingent of the character of the personalities involved and the ways their wield their power. This is a sobering lesson indeed in todayβs highly unstable world. And as the contributions to this volume also testify, he is also remembered with fondness and appreciation for all of his efforts to bring two formerly different scholarly worlds together in a single, cooperative, and respectful community. Here, too, perhaps, his success is also a sobering reminder as we memorialize him here of how important such efforts continue to be for us all.
William G. RosenbergIn memoriam
Π‘. Π. ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΌΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ
ΠΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠΎ. ΠΠ΅Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΠΊ β XX, Π° Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ·ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅Π³ΠΈ, Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ» ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π» ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΄Ρ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΠ΅, Π½ΠΎ, Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ 2015 Π³. Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΉ. Π ΡΠ½Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ 1955 Π³., 60 Π»Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π½Π°Π·Π°Π΄, Ρ Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ» Π½Π° Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ½Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΊΡΡ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ Π°Π² Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π² Π·Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ Π¦Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ²Π΅ (Π¦ΠΠΠΠ) ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠ° Π² ΠΠΎΠ½Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ XIX Π². Π ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π» Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΊ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΄ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π» ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Ρ, ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π²ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π°ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠΈΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·Ρ Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ½Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π°Π² Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ ΠΈΡΠ»Ρ, ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, Π°ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² ΠΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ½Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅Π΄Π°Π³ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅. Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΡ Π. Π. ΠΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ. Π§Π΅ΡΠ΅Π· Π΄Π²Π° Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΠΠΠ ΠΈΠΌ. Π. Π. ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π°, ΠΈ Ρ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ» Π°ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡ.